Mechanisms of density dependence in juvenile salmonids: prey depletion, interference competition, or energy expenditure?
Abstract Density dependence is a strong regulator of animal populations, operating primarily through intraspecific competition for a limiting resource. Because food is generally limited in natural environments, it is typically assumed that increasing animal density leads to reduced individual fitnes...
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3567 |
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doaj-137d99cbe6984750ac52d32f847680642021-06-29T07:24:38ZengWileyEcosphere2150-89252021-06-01126n/an/a10.1002/ecs2.3567Mechanisms of density dependence in juvenile salmonids: prey depletion, interference competition, or energy expenditure?Jean‐Michel O. Matte0Dylan J. Fraser1James W. A. Grant2Department of Biology Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal QuebecH4B 1R6CanadaDepartment of Biology Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal QuebecH4B 1R6CanadaDepartment of Biology Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal QuebecH4B 1R6CanadaAbstract Density dependence is a strong regulator of animal populations, operating primarily through intraspecific competition for a limiting resource. Because food is generally limited in natural environments, it is typically assumed that increasing animal density leads to reduced individual fitness through food depletion or monopolization. However, recent work demonstrates that density dependence can occur without apparent food depletion, or with virtually unlimited resources, suggesting that other mechanisms must also be important. Alternatively, density‐dependent regulation could be achieved through increasing energy costs rather than decreasing food abundance. The relative importance of these two processes (food depletion and energy costs) and their underlying mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we manipulated the density of juvenile stream‐dwelling brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in three neighboring populations over two consecutive summers to relate food availability and consumption to density‐dependent growth, survival, and their trade‐off. Despite strong patterns of density dependence and evidence of food limitation, increasing fish density did not lead to detectable prey depletion in the environment. Instead, behavioral observations suggested that increasing densities resulted in higher energetic costs, primarily via increasing interference competition and the use of less suitable foraging microhabitats. These results highlight that animal populations may be regulated by density dependence without necessarily impacting prey communities.https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3567density dependenceenergy costsfood depletioninterference competitioninvertebratespredator–prey dynamics |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Jean‐Michel O. Matte Dylan J. Fraser James W. A. Grant |
spellingShingle |
Jean‐Michel O. Matte Dylan J. Fraser James W. A. Grant Mechanisms of density dependence in juvenile salmonids: prey depletion, interference competition, or energy expenditure? Ecosphere density dependence energy costs food depletion interference competition invertebrates predator–prey dynamics |
author_facet |
Jean‐Michel O. Matte Dylan J. Fraser James W. A. Grant |
author_sort |
Jean‐Michel O. Matte |
title |
Mechanisms of density dependence in juvenile salmonids: prey depletion, interference competition, or energy expenditure? |
title_short |
Mechanisms of density dependence in juvenile salmonids: prey depletion, interference competition, or energy expenditure? |
title_full |
Mechanisms of density dependence in juvenile salmonids: prey depletion, interference competition, or energy expenditure? |
title_fullStr |
Mechanisms of density dependence in juvenile salmonids: prey depletion, interference competition, or energy expenditure? |
title_full_unstemmed |
Mechanisms of density dependence in juvenile salmonids: prey depletion, interference competition, or energy expenditure? |
title_sort |
mechanisms of density dependence in juvenile salmonids: prey depletion, interference competition, or energy expenditure? |
publisher |
Wiley |
series |
Ecosphere |
issn |
2150-8925 |
publishDate |
2021-06-01 |
description |
Abstract Density dependence is a strong regulator of animal populations, operating primarily through intraspecific competition for a limiting resource. Because food is generally limited in natural environments, it is typically assumed that increasing animal density leads to reduced individual fitness through food depletion or monopolization. However, recent work demonstrates that density dependence can occur without apparent food depletion, or with virtually unlimited resources, suggesting that other mechanisms must also be important. Alternatively, density‐dependent regulation could be achieved through increasing energy costs rather than decreasing food abundance. The relative importance of these two processes (food depletion and energy costs) and their underlying mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we manipulated the density of juvenile stream‐dwelling brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in three neighboring populations over two consecutive summers to relate food availability and consumption to density‐dependent growth, survival, and their trade‐off. Despite strong patterns of density dependence and evidence of food limitation, increasing fish density did not lead to detectable prey depletion in the environment. Instead, behavioral observations suggested that increasing densities resulted in higher energetic costs, primarily via increasing interference competition and the use of less suitable foraging microhabitats. These results highlight that animal populations may be regulated by density dependence without necessarily impacting prey communities. |
topic |
density dependence energy costs food depletion interference competition invertebrates predator–prey dynamics |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3567 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT jeanmichelomatte mechanismsofdensitydependenceinjuvenilesalmonidspreydepletioninterferencecompetitionorenergyexpenditure AT dylanjfraser mechanismsofdensitydependenceinjuvenilesalmonidspreydepletioninterferencecompetitionorenergyexpenditure AT jameswagrant mechanismsofdensitydependenceinjuvenilesalmonidspreydepletioninterferencecompetitionorenergyexpenditure |
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