Natural Pans as an Important Surface Water Resource in the Cuvelai Basin—Metrics for Storage Volume Calculations and Identification of Potential Augmentation Sites
Numerous ephemeral rivers and thousands of natural pans characterize the transboundary Iishana-System of the Cuvelai Basin between Namibia and Angola. After the rainy season, surface water stored in pans is often the only affordable water source for many people in rural areas. High inter- and intra-...
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doaj-150425a2115742c884cf74fc2d9696f02021-01-14T00:03:10ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-01-011317717710.3390/w13020177Natural Pans as an Important Surface Water Resource in the Cuvelai Basin—Metrics for Storage Volume Calculations and Identification of Potential Augmentation SitesRobert Arendt0Christian Reinhardt-Imjela1Achim Schulte2Leona Faulstich3Tobias Ullmann4Lorenz Beck5Sandro Martinis6Petrina Johannes7Joachim Lengricht8Institute of Geographical Science, Applied Physical Science–Environmental Hydrology and Resource Management, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12249 Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Geographical Science, Applied Physical Science–Environmental Hydrology and Resource Management, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12249 Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Geographical Science, Applied Physical Science–Environmental Hydrology and Resource Management, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12249 Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Geographical Science, Applied Physical Science–Environmental Hydrology and Resource Management, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12249 Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Geography and Geology, Julius-Maximilians-Universitaet Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Geography and Geology, Julius-Maximilians-Universitaet Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, GermanyGerman Remote Sensing Data Center, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Geo-Risks and Civil Security, Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Weßling, GermanyDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, José Eduardo dos Santos Campus, University of Namibia, Ongwediva P.O. Box 3624, NamibiaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, José Eduardo dos Santos Campus, University of Namibia, Ongwediva P.O. Box 3624, NamibiaNumerous ephemeral rivers and thousands of natural pans characterize the transboundary Iishana-System of the Cuvelai Basin between Namibia and Angola. After the rainy season, surface water stored in pans is often the only affordable water source for many people in rural areas. High inter- and intra-annual rainfall variations in this semiarid environment provoke years of extreme flood events and long periods of droughts. Thus, the issue of water availability is playing an increasingly important role in one of the most densely populated and fastest growing regions in southwestern Africa. Currently, there is no transnational approach to quantifying the potential storage and supply functions of the Iishana-System. To bridge these knowledge gaps and to increase the resilience of the local people’s livelihood, suitable pans for expansion as intermediate storage were identified and their metrics determined. Therefore, a modified Blue Spot Analysis was performed, based on the high-resolution TanDEM-X digital elevation model. Further, surface area–volume ratio calculations were accomplished for finding suitable augmentation sites in a first step. The potential water storage volume of more than 190,000 pans was calculated at 1.9 km<sup>3</sup>. Over 2200 pans were identified for potential expansion to facilitate increased water supply and flood protection in the future.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/2/177NamibiaAngolaOshanaflooddroughtwater retention |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Robert Arendt Christian Reinhardt-Imjela Achim Schulte Leona Faulstich Tobias Ullmann Lorenz Beck Sandro Martinis Petrina Johannes Joachim Lengricht |
spellingShingle |
Robert Arendt Christian Reinhardt-Imjela Achim Schulte Leona Faulstich Tobias Ullmann Lorenz Beck Sandro Martinis Petrina Johannes Joachim Lengricht Natural Pans as an Important Surface Water Resource in the Cuvelai Basin—Metrics for Storage Volume Calculations and Identification of Potential Augmentation Sites Water Namibia Angola Oshana flood drought water retention |
author_facet |
Robert Arendt Christian Reinhardt-Imjela Achim Schulte Leona Faulstich Tobias Ullmann Lorenz Beck Sandro Martinis Petrina Johannes Joachim Lengricht |
author_sort |
Robert Arendt |
title |
Natural Pans as an Important Surface Water Resource in the Cuvelai Basin—Metrics for Storage Volume Calculations and Identification of Potential Augmentation Sites |
title_short |
Natural Pans as an Important Surface Water Resource in the Cuvelai Basin—Metrics for Storage Volume Calculations and Identification of Potential Augmentation Sites |
title_full |
Natural Pans as an Important Surface Water Resource in the Cuvelai Basin—Metrics for Storage Volume Calculations and Identification of Potential Augmentation Sites |
title_fullStr |
Natural Pans as an Important Surface Water Resource in the Cuvelai Basin—Metrics for Storage Volume Calculations and Identification of Potential Augmentation Sites |
title_full_unstemmed |
Natural Pans as an Important Surface Water Resource in the Cuvelai Basin—Metrics for Storage Volume Calculations and Identification of Potential Augmentation Sites |
title_sort |
natural pans as an important surface water resource in the cuvelai basin—metrics for storage volume calculations and identification of potential augmentation sites |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Water |
issn |
2073-4441 |
publishDate |
2021-01-01 |
description |
Numerous ephemeral rivers and thousands of natural pans characterize the transboundary Iishana-System of the Cuvelai Basin between Namibia and Angola. After the rainy season, surface water stored in pans is often the only affordable water source for many people in rural areas. High inter- and intra-annual rainfall variations in this semiarid environment provoke years of extreme flood events and long periods of droughts. Thus, the issue of water availability is playing an increasingly important role in one of the most densely populated and fastest growing regions in southwestern Africa. Currently, there is no transnational approach to quantifying the potential storage and supply functions of the Iishana-System. To bridge these knowledge gaps and to increase the resilience of the local people’s livelihood, suitable pans for expansion as intermediate storage were identified and their metrics determined. Therefore, a modified Blue Spot Analysis was performed, based on the high-resolution TanDEM-X digital elevation model. Further, surface area–volume ratio calculations were accomplished for finding suitable augmentation sites in a first step. The potential water storage volume of more than 190,000 pans was calculated at 1.9 km<sup>3</sup>. Over 2200 pans were identified for potential expansion to facilitate increased water supply and flood protection in the future. |
topic |
Namibia Angola Oshana flood drought water retention |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/2/177 |
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