Effect of the Concentration of Sand in a Mixture of Water and Sand Flowing through PP and PVC Elbows on the Minor Head Loss Coefficient
The article presents the results of tests of minor head losses through PVC and PP elbows for a flow of water and mixtures of water and sand with grain sizes of up to 0.5 mm and concentrations of 5.6 g·L<sup>−1</sup>, 10.84 g·L<sup>−1</sup>...
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doaj-1d1b3a0845ae431292c9d0383814591b2020-11-24T21:47:25ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412019-04-0111482810.3390/w11040828w11040828Effect of the Concentration of Sand in a Mixture of Water and Sand Flowing through PP and PVC Elbows on the Minor Head Loss CoefficientPiotr Wichowski0Tadeusz Siwiec1Marek Kalenik2Department of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandThe article presents the results of tests of minor head losses through PVC and PP elbows for a flow of water and mixtures of water and sand with grain sizes of up to 0.5 mm and concentrations of 5.6 g·L<sup>−1</sup>, 10.84 g·L<sup>−1</sup>, and 15.73 g·L<sup>−1</sup>. The tests were carried out at variable flow velocities for three elbow diameters of 63 mm, 75 mm, and 90 mm. The flow rate, pressure difference in the tested cross-sections, and temperature of the fluids were measured and automatically recorded. The results of the measurements were used to develop mathematical models for determining the minor head loss coefficient as a function of elbow diameter, sand concentration in the liquid, and Reynolds number. The mathematical model was developed by cross validation. It was shown that when the concentration of sand in the liquid was increased by 1.0 g∙L<sup>−1</sup>, the coefficient of minor head loss through the elbows increased, in the Reynolds number range of 4.6 × 10<sup>4</sup>–2.1 × 10<sup>5</sup>, by 0.3–0.01% for PP63, 0.6–0.03% for PP75, 1.1–0.06% for PP90, 0.8−0.01% for PVC63, 0.8–0.02% for PVC75, and 0.9–0.04% for PVC90. An increase in Re from 5 × 10<sup>4</sup> to 2 × 10<sup>6</sup> for elbows with diameters of 63, 75 and 90 mm caused a 7.3%, 6.8%, and 6.0% decrease in the minor head loss coefficient, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/4/828two-phase flowsand concentrationPVC and PP 90-degree elbowpressure dropminor head lossesmathematical model |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Piotr Wichowski Tadeusz Siwiec Marek Kalenik |
spellingShingle |
Piotr Wichowski Tadeusz Siwiec Marek Kalenik Effect of the Concentration of Sand in a Mixture of Water and Sand Flowing through PP and PVC Elbows on the Minor Head Loss Coefficient Water two-phase flow sand concentration PVC and PP 90-degree elbow pressure drop minor head losses mathematical model |
author_facet |
Piotr Wichowski Tadeusz Siwiec Marek Kalenik |
author_sort |
Piotr Wichowski |
title |
Effect of the Concentration of Sand in a Mixture of Water and Sand Flowing through PP and PVC Elbows on the Minor Head Loss Coefficient |
title_short |
Effect of the Concentration of Sand in a Mixture of Water and Sand Flowing through PP and PVC Elbows on the Minor Head Loss Coefficient |
title_full |
Effect of the Concentration of Sand in a Mixture of Water and Sand Flowing through PP and PVC Elbows on the Minor Head Loss Coefficient |
title_fullStr |
Effect of the Concentration of Sand in a Mixture of Water and Sand Flowing through PP and PVC Elbows on the Minor Head Loss Coefficient |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effect of the Concentration of Sand in a Mixture of Water and Sand Flowing through PP and PVC Elbows on the Minor Head Loss Coefficient |
title_sort |
effect of the concentration of sand in a mixture of water and sand flowing through pp and pvc elbows on the minor head loss coefficient |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Water |
issn |
2073-4441 |
publishDate |
2019-04-01 |
description |
The article presents the results of tests of minor head losses through PVC and PP elbows for a flow of water and mixtures of water and sand with grain sizes of up to 0.5 mm and concentrations of 5.6 g·L<sup>−1</sup>, 10.84 g·L<sup>−1</sup>, and 15.73 g·L<sup>−1</sup>. The tests were carried out at variable flow velocities for three elbow diameters of 63 mm, 75 mm, and 90 mm. The flow rate, pressure difference in the tested cross-sections, and temperature of the fluids were measured and automatically recorded. The results of the measurements were used to develop mathematical models for determining the minor head loss coefficient as a function of elbow diameter, sand concentration in the liquid, and Reynolds number. The mathematical model was developed by cross validation. It was shown that when the concentration of sand in the liquid was increased by 1.0 g∙L<sup>−1</sup>, the coefficient of minor head loss through the elbows increased, in the Reynolds number range of 4.6 × 10<sup>4</sup>–2.1 × 10<sup>5</sup>, by 0.3–0.01% for PP63, 0.6–0.03% for PP75, 1.1–0.06% for PP90, 0.8−0.01% for PVC63, 0.8–0.02% for PVC75, and 0.9–0.04% for PVC90. An increase in Re from 5 × 10<sup>4</sup> to 2 × 10<sup>6</sup> for elbows with diameters of 63, 75 and 90 mm caused a 7.3%, 6.8%, and 6.0% decrease in the minor head loss coefficient, respectively. |
topic |
two-phase flow sand concentration PVC and PP 90-degree elbow pressure drop minor head losses mathematical model |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/4/828 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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