Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – Silver Linings for Cartilage Regeneration?

As the world’s population is aging, the incidence of the degenerative disease Osteoarthritis (OA) is increasing. Current treatment options of OA focus on the alleviation of the symptoms including pain and inflammation rather than on restoration of the articular cartilage. Cell-based therapies includ...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Andrea De Luna, Alexander Otahal, Stefan Nehrer
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-12-01
Series:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.593386/full
id doaj-35c314358b5142d38082f12fa1080e39
record_format Article
spelling doaj-35c314358b5142d38082f12fa1080e392020-12-10T04:50:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology2296-634X2020-12-01810.3389/fcell.2020.593386593386Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – Silver Linings for Cartilage Regeneration?Andrea De LunaAlexander OtahalStefan NehrerAs the world’s population is aging, the incidence of the degenerative disease Osteoarthritis (OA) is increasing. Current treatment options of OA focus on the alleviation of the symptoms including pain and inflammation rather than on restoration of the articular cartilage. Cell-based therapies including the application of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been a promising tool for cartilage regeneration approaches. Due to their immunomodulatory properties, their differentiation potential into cells of the mesodermal lineage as well as the plurality of sources from which they can be isolated, MSCs have been applied in a vast number of studies focusing on the establishment of new treatment options for Osteoarthritis. Despite promising outcomes in vitro and in vivo, applications of MSCs are connected with teratoma formation, limited lifespan of differentiated cells as well as rejection of the cells after transplantation, highlighting the need for new cell free approaches harboring the beneficial properties of MSCs. It has been demonstrated that the regenerative potential of MSCs is mediated by the release of paracrine factors rather than by differentiation into cells of the desired tissue. Besides soluble factors, extracellular vesicles are the major component of a cell’s secretome. They represent novel mechanisms by which (pathogenic) signals can be communicated between cell types as they deliver bioactive molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) from the cell of origin to the target cell leading to specific biological processes upon uptake. This review will give an overview about extracellular vesicles including general characteristics, isolation methods and characterization approaches. Furthermore, the role of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles in in vitro and in vivo studies for cartilage regeneration will be summarized with special focus on transported miRNA which either favored the progression of OA or protected the cartilage from degradation. In addition, studies will be reviewed investigating the impact of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles on inflammatory arthritis. As extracellular vesicles are present in all body fluids, their application as potential biomarkers for OA will also be discussed in this review. Finally, studies exploring the combination of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles with biomaterials for tissue engineering approaches are summarized.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.593386/fullmesenchymal stem cellextracellular vesicleosteoarthritisbiomarkersin vitro studies and in vivo studies
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Andrea De Luna
Alexander Otahal
Stefan Nehrer
spellingShingle Andrea De Luna
Alexander Otahal
Stefan Nehrer
Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – Silver Linings for Cartilage Regeneration?
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
mesenchymal stem cell
extracellular vesicle
osteoarthritis
biomarkers
in vitro studies and in vivo studies
author_facet Andrea De Luna
Alexander Otahal
Stefan Nehrer
author_sort Andrea De Luna
title Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – Silver Linings for Cartilage Regeneration?
title_short Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – Silver Linings for Cartilage Regeneration?
title_full Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – Silver Linings for Cartilage Regeneration?
title_fullStr Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – Silver Linings for Cartilage Regeneration?
title_full_unstemmed Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – Silver Linings for Cartilage Regeneration?
title_sort mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles – silver linings for cartilage regeneration?
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
series Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
issn 2296-634X
publishDate 2020-12-01
description As the world’s population is aging, the incidence of the degenerative disease Osteoarthritis (OA) is increasing. Current treatment options of OA focus on the alleviation of the symptoms including pain and inflammation rather than on restoration of the articular cartilage. Cell-based therapies including the application of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been a promising tool for cartilage regeneration approaches. Due to their immunomodulatory properties, their differentiation potential into cells of the mesodermal lineage as well as the plurality of sources from which they can be isolated, MSCs have been applied in a vast number of studies focusing on the establishment of new treatment options for Osteoarthritis. Despite promising outcomes in vitro and in vivo, applications of MSCs are connected with teratoma formation, limited lifespan of differentiated cells as well as rejection of the cells after transplantation, highlighting the need for new cell free approaches harboring the beneficial properties of MSCs. It has been demonstrated that the regenerative potential of MSCs is mediated by the release of paracrine factors rather than by differentiation into cells of the desired tissue. Besides soluble factors, extracellular vesicles are the major component of a cell’s secretome. They represent novel mechanisms by which (pathogenic) signals can be communicated between cell types as they deliver bioactive molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) from the cell of origin to the target cell leading to specific biological processes upon uptake. This review will give an overview about extracellular vesicles including general characteristics, isolation methods and characterization approaches. Furthermore, the role of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles in in vitro and in vivo studies for cartilage regeneration will be summarized with special focus on transported miRNA which either favored the progression of OA or protected the cartilage from degradation. In addition, studies will be reviewed investigating the impact of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles on inflammatory arthritis. As extracellular vesicles are present in all body fluids, their application as potential biomarkers for OA will also be discussed in this review. Finally, studies exploring the combination of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles with biomaterials for tissue engineering approaches are summarized.
topic mesenchymal stem cell
extracellular vesicle
osteoarthritis
biomarkers
in vitro studies and in vivo studies
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.593386/full
work_keys_str_mv AT andreadeluna mesenchymalstromalcellderivedextracellularvesiclessilverliningsforcartilageregeneration
AT alexanderotahal mesenchymalstromalcellderivedextracellularvesiclessilverliningsforcartilageregeneration
AT stefannehrer mesenchymalstromalcellderivedextracellularvesiclessilverliningsforcartilageregeneration
_version_ 1724387620611424256