<it>Blastocystis</it> infection in Malaysia: Evidence of waterborne and human-to-human transmissions among the Proto-Malay, Negrito and Senoi tribes of Orang Asli

• Main Authors: Anuar Tengku Shahrul, Ghani Mohamed Kamel Abdul, Azreen Siti Nor, Salleh Fatmah Md, Moktar Norhayati
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: BMC 2013-02-01
• Series: Parasites & Vectors
• Subjects: <it>Blastocystis</it>; Waterborne; Human-to-human; Orang Asli; Malaysia
• Online Access: http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/6/1/40

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Blastocystis</it> has been described as the most common intestinal parasite in humans and has an increased impact on public health. However, the transmission of this parasite has not been conclusively determined.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To contribute to a better comprehension of the epidemiology of this infection, a cross-sectional survey aimed at providing the first documented data on the prevalence and risk factors associated with <it>Blastocystis</it> infection was carried out among three Orang Asli tribes (Proto-Malay, Negrito and Senoi) in selected villages at Negeri Sembilan, Perak and Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Faecal samples were examined by formalin-ether sedimentation and trichrome staining techniques.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of 500 individuals, 20.4% (102) were detected positive for <it>Blastocystis</it>; 13.3% (20/150) of Proto-Malays, 21.6% (30/139) of Negritos and 24.7% (52/211) of Senois were positive for <it>Blastocystis</it>, respectively. The positive cases showed a decrease with increasing age and most of the positive cases were observed in individuals less than 15 years old. Multivariate analysis confirmed that drinking untreated water and the presence of other family members infected with <it>Blastocystis</it> were significant risk factors of infection among the three tribes and overall population studied.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Essentially, the findings highlighted that <it>Blastocystis</it> infection is prevalent among Orang Asli communities in Malaysia. Further studies using molecular approaches to distinguish the subtype of <it>Blastocystis</it> is needed. The present study also revealed that this infection may be transmitted through waterborne and human-to-human contact. Therefore, interventions with the provision of clean water supply for the communities and health education especially to the parents are urgently required.</p>