| Summary: | Floral meristems are dynamic systems that generate floral organ primordia at their flanks and, in most species, terminate while giving rise to the gynoecium primordia. However, we find species with floral meristems that generate additional ring meristems repeatedly throughout angiosperm history. Ring meristems produce only stamen primordia, resulting in polystemous flowers (having stamen numbers more than double that of petals or sepals), and act independently of the floral meristem activity. Most of our knowledge on floral meristem regulation is derived from molecular genetic studies of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, a species with a fixed number of floral organs and, as such of only limited value for understanding ring meristem function, regulation, and ecological value. This review provides an overview of the main molecular players regulating floral meristem activity in <i>A. thaliana</i> and summarizes our knowledge of ring primordia morphology and occurrence in dicots. Our work provides a first step toward understanding the significance and molecular genetics of ring meristem regulation and evolution.
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