Monitoring the Cure State of Thermosetting Resins by Ultrasound
The propagation of low intensity ultrasound in a curing resin, acting as a high frequency oscillatory excitation, has been recently proposed as an ultrasonic dynamic mechanical analysis (UDMA) for cure monitoring. The technique measures sound velocity and attenuation, which are very sensitive to cha...
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doaj-6a56457b187e441b9346b5fbc626f5032020-11-24T22:56:09ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442013-09-01693783380410.3390/ma6093783Monitoring the Cure State of Thermosetting Resins by UltrasoundAlfonso MaffezzoliFrancesca LionettoThe propagation of low intensity ultrasound in a curing resin, acting as a high frequency oscillatory excitation, has been recently proposed as an ultrasonic dynamic mechanical analysis (UDMA) for cure monitoring. The technique measures sound velocity and attenuation, which are very sensitive to changes in the viscoelastic characteristics of the curing resin, since the velocity is related to the resin storage modulus and density, while the attenuation is related to the energy dissipation and scattering in the curing resin. The paper reviews the results obtained by the authors’ research group in the last decade by means of in-house made ultrasonic set-ups for both contact and air-coupled ultrasonic experiments. The basics of the ultrasonic wave propagation in polymers and examples of measurements of the time-evolution of ultrasonic longitudinal modulus and chemical conversion of different thermosetting resins are presented. The effect of temperature on the cure kinetics, the comparison with rheological, low frequency dynamic mechanical and calorimetric results, and the correlation between ultrasonic modulus and crosslinking density will be also discussed. The paper highlights the reliability of ultrasonic wave propagation for monitoring the physical changes taking place during curing and the potential for online monitoring during polymer and polymer matrix composite processing.http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/6/9/3783ultrasonic wave propagationultrasonic dynamic mechanical analysisviscoelastic propertiescure monitoringgelationvitrificationlongitudinal modulusthermosetting resins |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Alfonso Maffezzoli Francesca Lionetto |
spellingShingle |
Alfonso Maffezzoli Francesca Lionetto Monitoring the Cure State of Thermosetting Resins by Ultrasound Materials ultrasonic wave propagation ultrasonic dynamic mechanical analysis viscoelastic properties cure monitoring gelation vitrification longitudinal modulus thermosetting resins |
author_facet |
Alfonso Maffezzoli Francesca Lionetto |
author_sort |
Alfonso Maffezzoli |
title |
Monitoring the Cure State of Thermosetting Resins by Ultrasound |
title_short |
Monitoring the Cure State of Thermosetting Resins by Ultrasound |
title_full |
Monitoring the Cure State of Thermosetting Resins by Ultrasound |
title_fullStr |
Monitoring the Cure State of Thermosetting Resins by Ultrasound |
title_full_unstemmed |
Monitoring the Cure State of Thermosetting Resins by Ultrasound |
title_sort |
monitoring the cure state of thermosetting resins by ultrasound |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Materials |
issn |
1996-1944 |
publishDate |
2013-09-01 |
description |
The propagation of low intensity ultrasound in a curing resin, acting as a high frequency oscillatory excitation, has been recently proposed as an ultrasonic dynamic mechanical analysis (UDMA) for cure monitoring. The technique measures sound velocity and attenuation, which are very sensitive to changes in the viscoelastic characteristics of the curing resin, since the velocity is related to the resin storage modulus and density, while the attenuation is related to the energy dissipation and scattering in the curing resin. The paper reviews the results obtained by the authors’ research group in the last decade by means of in-house made ultrasonic set-ups for both contact and air-coupled ultrasonic experiments. The basics of the ultrasonic wave propagation in polymers and examples of measurements of the time-evolution of ultrasonic longitudinal modulus and chemical conversion of different thermosetting resins are presented. The effect of temperature on the cure kinetics, the comparison with rheological, low frequency dynamic mechanical and calorimetric results, and the correlation between ultrasonic modulus and crosslinking density will be also discussed. The paper highlights the reliability of ultrasonic wave propagation for monitoring the physical changes taking place during curing and the potential for online monitoring during polymer and polymer matrix composite processing. |
topic |
ultrasonic wave propagation ultrasonic dynamic mechanical analysis viscoelastic properties cure monitoring gelation vitrification longitudinal modulus thermosetting resins |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/6/9/3783 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT alfonsomaffezzoli monitoringthecurestateofthermosettingresinsbyultrasound AT francescalionetto monitoringthecurestateofthermosettingresinsbyultrasound |
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