Understanding Spreading Depression from Headache to Sudden Unexpected Death
Spreading depression (SD) is a neurophysiological phenomenon characterized by abrupt changes in intracellular ion gradients and sustained depolarization of neurons. It leads to loss of electrical activity, changes in the synaptic architecture, and an altered vascular response. Although SD is often d...
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doaj-9a7f775efd6b4b0183f20a0345af54552020-11-24T23:58:51ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952018-02-01910.3389/fneur.2018.00019333507Understanding Spreading Depression from Headache to Sudden Unexpected DeathOlga Cozzolino0Maria Marchese1Francesco Trovato2Enrico Pracucci3Gian Michele Ratto4Maria Gabriella Buzzi5Federico Sicca6Filippo M. Santorelli7NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, ItalyMolecular Medicine and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratories, Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, ItalyNEST, Istituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, ItalyNEST, Istituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, ItalyNEST, Istituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, ItalyHeadache Centre and Post-Coma Unit IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, ItalyMolecular Medicine and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratories, Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, ItalyMolecular Medicine and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratories, Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, ItalySpreading depression (SD) is a neurophysiological phenomenon characterized by abrupt changes in intracellular ion gradients and sustained depolarization of neurons. It leads to loss of electrical activity, changes in the synaptic architecture, and an altered vascular response. Although SD is often described as a unique phenomenon with homogeneous characteristics, it may be strongly affected by the particular triggering event and by genetic background. Furthermore, SD may contribute differently to the pathogenesis of widely heterogeneous clinical conditions. Indeed, clinical disorders related to SD vary in their presentation and severity, ranging from benign headache conditions (migraine syndromes) to severely disabling events, such as cerebral ischemia, or even death in people with epilepsy. Although the characteristics and mechanisms of SD have been dissected using a variety of approaches, ranging from cells to human models, this phenomenon remains only partially understood because of its complexity and the difficulty of obtaining direct experimental data. Currently, clinical monitoring of SD is limited to patients who require neurosurgical interventions and the placement of subdural electrode strips. Significantly, SD events recorded in humans display electrophysiological features that are essentially the same as those observed in animal models. Further research using existing and new experimental models of SD may allow a better understanding of its core mechanisms, and of their differences in different clinical conditions, fostering opportunities to identify and develop targeted therapies for SD-related disorders and their worst consequences.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2018.00019/fullspreading depressionspreading depolarizationmigraineischemiasubarachnoid hemorrhageepilepsy |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Olga Cozzolino Maria Marchese Francesco Trovato Enrico Pracucci Gian Michele Ratto Maria Gabriella Buzzi Federico Sicca Filippo M. Santorelli |
spellingShingle |
Olga Cozzolino Maria Marchese Francesco Trovato Enrico Pracucci Gian Michele Ratto Maria Gabriella Buzzi Federico Sicca Filippo M. Santorelli Understanding Spreading Depression from Headache to Sudden Unexpected Death Frontiers in Neurology spreading depression spreading depolarization migraine ischemia subarachnoid hemorrhage epilepsy |
author_facet |
Olga Cozzolino Maria Marchese Francesco Trovato Enrico Pracucci Gian Michele Ratto Maria Gabriella Buzzi Federico Sicca Filippo M. Santorelli |
author_sort |
Olga Cozzolino |
title |
Understanding Spreading Depression from Headache to Sudden Unexpected Death |
title_short |
Understanding Spreading Depression from Headache to Sudden Unexpected Death |
title_full |
Understanding Spreading Depression from Headache to Sudden Unexpected Death |
title_fullStr |
Understanding Spreading Depression from Headache to Sudden Unexpected Death |
title_full_unstemmed |
Understanding Spreading Depression from Headache to Sudden Unexpected Death |
title_sort |
understanding spreading depression from headache to sudden unexpected death |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Neurology |
issn |
1664-2295 |
publishDate |
2018-02-01 |
description |
Spreading depression (SD) is a neurophysiological phenomenon characterized by abrupt changes in intracellular ion gradients and sustained depolarization of neurons. It leads to loss of electrical activity, changes in the synaptic architecture, and an altered vascular response. Although SD is often described as a unique phenomenon with homogeneous characteristics, it may be strongly affected by the particular triggering event and by genetic background. Furthermore, SD may contribute differently to the pathogenesis of widely heterogeneous clinical conditions. Indeed, clinical disorders related to SD vary in their presentation and severity, ranging from benign headache conditions (migraine syndromes) to severely disabling events, such as cerebral ischemia, or even death in people with epilepsy. Although the characteristics and mechanisms of SD have been dissected using a variety of approaches, ranging from cells to human models, this phenomenon remains only partially understood because of its complexity and the difficulty of obtaining direct experimental data. Currently, clinical monitoring of SD is limited to patients who require neurosurgical interventions and the placement of subdural electrode strips. Significantly, SD events recorded in humans display electrophysiological features that are essentially the same as those observed in animal models. Further research using existing and new experimental models of SD may allow a better understanding of its core mechanisms, and of their differences in different clinical conditions, fostering opportunities to identify and develop targeted therapies for SD-related disorders and their worst consequences. |
topic |
spreading depression spreading depolarization migraine ischemia subarachnoid hemorrhage epilepsy |
url |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2018.00019/full |
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