Immunobiography and the Heterogeneity of Immune Responses in the Elderly: A Focus on Inflammaging and Trained Immunity
Owing to its memory and plasticity, the immune system (IS) is capable of recording all the immunological experiences and stimuli it was exposed to. The combination of type, dose, intensity, and temporal sequence of antigenic stimuli that each individual is exposed to has been named “immunobiography....
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doaj-9f0727158d22438c9b3036a98509b93c2020-11-24T22:19:38ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242017-08-01810.3389/fimmu.2017.00982290305Immunobiography and the Heterogeneity of Immune Responses in the Elderly: A Focus on Inflammaging and Trained ImmunityClaudio Franceschi0Stefano Salvioli1Stefano Salvioli2Paolo Garagnani3Paolo Garagnani4Magda de Eguileor5Daniela Monti6Miriam Capri7Miriam Capri8Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna IRCCS, Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyInterdepartmental Centre ‘L. Galvani’ (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyInterdepartmental Centre ‘L. Galvani’ (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, ItalyDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, ItalyDepartment of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyInterdepartmental Centre ‘L. Galvani’ (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyOwing to its memory and plasticity, the immune system (IS) is capable of recording all the immunological experiences and stimuli it was exposed to. The combination of type, dose, intensity, and temporal sequence of antigenic stimuli that each individual is exposed to has been named “immunobiography.” This immunological history induces a lifelong continuous adaptation of the IS, which is responsible for the capability to mount strong, weak or no response to specific antigens, thus determining the large heterogeneity of immunological responses. In the last years, it is becoming clear that memory is not solely a feature of adaptive immunity, as it has been observed that also innate immune cells are provided with a sort of memory, dubbed “trained immunity.” In this review, we discuss the main characteristics of trained immunity as a possible contributor to inflammaging within the perspective of immunobiography, with particular attention to the phenotypic changes of the cell populations known to be involved in trained immunity. In conclusion, immunobiography emerges as a pervasive and comprehensive concept that could help in understanding and interpret the individual heterogeneity of immune responses (to infections and vaccinations) that becomes particularly evident at old age and could affect immunosenescence and inflammaging.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00982/fullinflammagingtrained immunityhuman agingmacrophagesNK cellsimmunobiography |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Claudio Franceschi Stefano Salvioli Stefano Salvioli Paolo Garagnani Paolo Garagnani Magda de Eguileor Daniela Monti Miriam Capri Miriam Capri |
spellingShingle |
Claudio Franceschi Stefano Salvioli Stefano Salvioli Paolo Garagnani Paolo Garagnani Magda de Eguileor Daniela Monti Miriam Capri Miriam Capri Immunobiography and the Heterogeneity of Immune Responses in the Elderly: A Focus on Inflammaging and Trained Immunity Frontiers in Immunology inflammaging trained immunity human aging macrophages NK cells immunobiography |
author_facet |
Claudio Franceschi Stefano Salvioli Stefano Salvioli Paolo Garagnani Paolo Garagnani Magda de Eguileor Daniela Monti Miriam Capri Miriam Capri |
author_sort |
Claudio Franceschi |
title |
Immunobiography and the Heterogeneity of Immune Responses in the Elderly: A Focus on Inflammaging and Trained Immunity |
title_short |
Immunobiography and the Heterogeneity of Immune Responses in the Elderly: A Focus on Inflammaging and Trained Immunity |
title_full |
Immunobiography and the Heterogeneity of Immune Responses in the Elderly: A Focus on Inflammaging and Trained Immunity |
title_fullStr |
Immunobiography and the Heterogeneity of Immune Responses in the Elderly: A Focus on Inflammaging and Trained Immunity |
title_full_unstemmed |
Immunobiography and the Heterogeneity of Immune Responses in the Elderly: A Focus on Inflammaging and Trained Immunity |
title_sort |
immunobiography and the heterogeneity of immune responses in the elderly: a focus on inflammaging and trained immunity |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Immunology |
issn |
1664-3224 |
publishDate |
2017-08-01 |
description |
Owing to its memory and plasticity, the immune system (IS) is capable of recording all the immunological experiences and stimuli it was exposed to. The combination of type, dose, intensity, and temporal sequence of antigenic stimuli that each individual is exposed to has been named “immunobiography.” This immunological history induces a lifelong continuous adaptation of the IS, which is responsible for the capability to mount strong, weak or no response to specific antigens, thus determining the large heterogeneity of immunological responses. In the last years, it is becoming clear that memory is not solely a feature of adaptive immunity, as it has been observed that also innate immune cells are provided with a sort of memory, dubbed “trained immunity.” In this review, we discuss the main characteristics of trained immunity as a possible contributor to inflammaging within the perspective of immunobiography, with particular attention to the phenotypic changes of the cell populations known to be involved in trained immunity. In conclusion, immunobiography emerges as a pervasive and comprehensive concept that could help in understanding and interpret the individual heterogeneity of immune responses (to infections and vaccinations) that becomes particularly evident at old age and could affect immunosenescence and inflammaging. |
topic |
inflammaging trained immunity human aging macrophages NK cells immunobiography |
url |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00982/full |
work_keys_str_mv |
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