Summary: | Torque estimation in permanent magnet synchronous machines and synchronous reluctance machines is required in many applications. Torque produced by a permanent magnet synchronous machine depends on the permanent magnets’ flux and <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>-axes inductances, whereas torque in synchronous reluctance machines depends on the <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>-axes inductances. Consequently, precise knowledge of these parameters is required for proper torque estimation. The use of high frequency signal both for permanent magnets’ flux and <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>-axes inductances estimation has been recently shown to be a viable option. This paper reviews the physical principles, implementation and performance of high-frequency signal injection based torque estimation for permanent magnet synchronous machines and synchronous reluctance machines.
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