Enhanced Recovery of Phenolic and Tocopherolic Compounds from Walnut (<i>Juglans Regia</i> L.) Male Flowers Based on Process Optimization of Ultrasonic Assisted-Extraction: Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities
The extraction of bioactive compounds present in walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) male flowers (WMFs) was performed based on an experimental design using ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Solvent nature, extraction time, and water content were selected as experimental variables, and phenol...
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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Series: | Antioxidants |
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Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/4/607 |
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DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Anca Pop Ionel Fizeșan Laurian Vlase Marius Emil Rusu Julien Cherfan Mihai Babota Ana-Maria Gheldiu Ioan Tomuta Daniela-Saveta Popa |
spellingShingle |
Anca Pop Ionel Fizeșan Laurian Vlase Marius Emil Rusu Julien Cherfan Mihai Babota Ana-Maria Gheldiu Ioan Tomuta Daniela-Saveta Popa Enhanced Recovery of Phenolic and Tocopherolic Compounds from Walnut (<i>Juglans Regia</i> L.) Male Flowers Based on Process Optimization of Ultrasonic Assisted-Extraction: Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities Antioxidants walnut male flowers polyphenols tocopherols antioxidants LC-MS biological activity |
author_facet |
Anca Pop Ionel Fizeșan Laurian Vlase Marius Emil Rusu Julien Cherfan Mihai Babota Ana-Maria Gheldiu Ioan Tomuta Daniela-Saveta Popa |
author_sort |
Anca Pop |
title |
Enhanced Recovery of Phenolic and Tocopherolic Compounds from Walnut (<i>Juglans Regia</i> L.) Male Flowers Based on Process Optimization of Ultrasonic Assisted-Extraction: Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities |
title_short |
Enhanced Recovery of Phenolic and Tocopherolic Compounds from Walnut (<i>Juglans Regia</i> L.) Male Flowers Based on Process Optimization of Ultrasonic Assisted-Extraction: Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities |
title_full |
Enhanced Recovery of Phenolic and Tocopherolic Compounds from Walnut (<i>Juglans Regia</i> L.) Male Flowers Based on Process Optimization of Ultrasonic Assisted-Extraction: Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities |
title_fullStr |
Enhanced Recovery of Phenolic and Tocopherolic Compounds from Walnut (<i>Juglans Regia</i> L.) Male Flowers Based on Process Optimization of Ultrasonic Assisted-Extraction: Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities |
title_full_unstemmed |
Enhanced Recovery of Phenolic and Tocopherolic Compounds from Walnut (<i>Juglans Regia</i> L.) Male Flowers Based on Process Optimization of Ultrasonic Assisted-Extraction: Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities |
title_sort |
enhanced recovery of phenolic and tocopherolic compounds from walnut (<i>juglans regia</i> l.) male flowers based on process optimization of ultrasonic assisted-extraction: phytochemical profile and biological activities |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Antioxidants |
issn |
2076-3921 |
publishDate |
2021-04-01 |
description |
The extraction of bioactive compounds present in walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) male flowers (WMFs) was performed based on an experimental design using ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Solvent nature, extraction time, and water content were selected as experimental variables, and phenolic, flavonoidic, and condensed tannins contents and antioxidant properties were evaluated. Acetone was the solvent with the highest extraction performance, with the extracts obtained using this solvent displaying an increased concentration of bioactive compounds and increased antioxidant activities. For several extracts with high bioactive content, individual polyphenolic and tocopherolic compounds were evaluated by means of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. The best extraction conditions for polyphenolic (2.86 mg gallic acid equivalents/g WMF) and tocopherolic compounds (29.4 µg/g WMF) were acetone with 40% water content (N20) and acetone with 20% water content (N15), respectively. Although the total tocopherol concentrations were lower than in other <i>Juglans regia</i> parts, most of the total tocopherol quantity was provided by the highly biologically active δ-tocopherol (84%). Significant quantities of quercetin (101.9 µg/g), hyperoside (2662.9 µg/g), quercitrin (405.7 µg/g), and isoquercitrin (1293.7 µg/g) were determined in WMF (N20). Both extracts inhibited the enzymatic activity of α-glucosidase and tyrosinase; however, an increased inhibition was observed for N20, the extract with the higher polyphenolic content. Conversely, N15 had higher anticancerous activity on the cell lines used, with a moderate selectivity towards the cancerous phenotype being observed for both extracts. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, both extracts displayed good antioxidant activities in cellular cultures, decreasing basal and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced oxidative stress. This is the first characterization of both hydrophilic and lipophilic phytochemicals in WMF extracts. The outcomes of our study reveal that walnut male flowers have strong biological activities, thus justifying further research to demonstrate their usefulness in the food, pharmaceutical, and/or cosmetic industries. |
topic |
walnut male flowers polyphenols tocopherols antioxidants LC-MS biological activity |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/4/607 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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doaj-ba921b82549c42e3b5ce13fefec0a0d02021-04-15T23:02:41ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212021-04-011060760710.3390/antiox10040607Enhanced Recovery of Phenolic and Tocopherolic Compounds from Walnut (<i>Juglans Regia</i> L.) Male Flowers Based on Process Optimization of Ultrasonic Assisted-Extraction: Phytochemical Profile and Biological ActivitiesAnca Pop0Ionel Fizeșan1Laurian Vlase2Marius Emil Rusu3Julien Cherfan4Mihai Babota5Ana-Maria Gheldiu6Ioan Tomuta7Daniela-Saveta Popa8Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaBCBS Team (Biotechnologies et Chimie des Bioressources Pour la Santé), LIENSs Laboratory (Littoral Environment et Sociétés), UMR CNRS 7266, University of la Rochelle, 17000 La Rochelle, FranceDepartment of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaThe extraction of bioactive compounds present in walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) male flowers (WMFs) was performed based on an experimental design using ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Solvent nature, extraction time, and water content were selected as experimental variables, and phenolic, flavonoidic, and condensed tannins contents and antioxidant properties were evaluated. Acetone was the solvent with the highest extraction performance, with the extracts obtained using this solvent displaying an increased concentration of bioactive compounds and increased antioxidant activities. For several extracts with high bioactive content, individual polyphenolic and tocopherolic compounds were evaluated by means of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. The best extraction conditions for polyphenolic (2.86 mg gallic acid equivalents/g WMF) and tocopherolic compounds (29.4 µg/g WMF) were acetone with 40% water content (N20) and acetone with 20% water content (N15), respectively. Although the total tocopherol concentrations were lower than in other <i>Juglans regia</i> parts, most of the total tocopherol quantity was provided by the highly biologically active δ-tocopherol (84%). Significant quantities of quercetin (101.9 µg/g), hyperoside (2662.9 µg/g), quercitrin (405.7 µg/g), and isoquercitrin (1293.7 µg/g) were determined in WMF (N20). Both extracts inhibited the enzymatic activity of α-glucosidase and tyrosinase; however, an increased inhibition was observed for N20, the extract with the higher polyphenolic content. Conversely, N15 had higher anticancerous activity on the cell lines used, with a moderate selectivity towards the cancerous phenotype being observed for both extracts. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, both extracts displayed good antioxidant activities in cellular cultures, decreasing basal and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced oxidative stress. This is the first characterization of both hydrophilic and lipophilic phytochemicals in WMF extracts. The outcomes of our study reveal that walnut male flowers have strong biological activities, thus justifying further research to demonstrate their usefulness in the food, pharmaceutical, and/or cosmetic industries.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/4/607walnut male flowerspolyphenolstocopherolsantioxidantsLC-MSbiological activity |