Dependence of the Ripeness Stage on the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) Green Husk Extracts from Industrial By-Products
Walnut green husk (WGH) is a waste generated by the walnut (<i>Juglans regia L.</i>) harvest industry. It represents a natural source of polyphenols, compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, but their activity could be dependent on the ripeness stage of the raw material....
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doaj-c8470904d0044b7b8eb7cc95ae173c602021-05-31T23:55:35ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-05-01262878287810.3390/molecules26102878Dependence of the Ripeness Stage on the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) Green Husk Extracts from Industrial By-ProductsDaniela Soto-Madrid0Marlen Gutiérrez-Cutiño1Josué Pozo-Martínez2María Carolina Zúñiga-López3Claudio Olea-Azar4Silvia Matiacevich5Food Properties Research Group (INPROAL), Department of Food Science and Technology, Technological Faculty, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Obispo Umaña 050, Estación Central, Santiago 9170201, ChileMolecular Magnetism & Molecular Materials Laboratory (LM4), Department of Chemistry of Materials, Chemistry and Biology Faculty, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Lib. Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, ChileDepartment of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, ChileDepartment of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, ChileDepartment of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, ChileFood Properties Research Group (INPROAL), Department of Food Science and Technology, Technological Faculty, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Obispo Umaña 050, Estación Central, Santiago 9170201, ChileWalnut green husk (WGH) is a waste generated by the walnut (<i>Juglans regia L.</i>) harvest industry. It represents a natural source of polyphenols, compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, but their activity could be dependent on the ripeness stage of the raw material. In this study, the effect of the different ripeness stages—open (OH) and closed (CH) husks—on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of WGH extracts were analyzed, emphasizing the influence of the extracts in inhibiting <i>Escherichia coli</i> growth. The ripeness stage of WGH significantly affected the antioxidant activity of the extracts. This was attributed to the different polyphenol profiles related to the mechanical stress when the husk opened compared to the closed sample. The antimicrobial activity showed inhibition of <i>E. coli</i> growth. OH-extracts at 96 µg/mL caused the lowest specific growth rate (<i>µ</i><sub>max</sub> = 0.003 h<sup>−1</sup>) and the greatest inhibition percentage (<i>I</i> = 93%) compared to CH-extract (<i>µ</i><sub>max</sub> = 0.01 h<sup>−1</sup>; <i>I</i> = 69%). The obtained results showed the potential of the walnut green husk, principally open husk, as an economical source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents with potential use in the food industry.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/10/2878walnut green huskripeness stageantioxidant activityantimicrobial activity<i>Escherichia coli</i> |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Daniela Soto-Madrid Marlen Gutiérrez-Cutiño Josué Pozo-Martínez María Carolina Zúñiga-López Claudio Olea-Azar Silvia Matiacevich |
spellingShingle |
Daniela Soto-Madrid Marlen Gutiérrez-Cutiño Josué Pozo-Martínez María Carolina Zúñiga-López Claudio Olea-Azar Silvia Matiacevich Dependence of the Ripeness Stage on the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) Green Husk Extracts from Industrial By-Products Molecules walnut green husk ripeness stage antioxidant activity antimicrobial activity <i>Escherichia coli</i> |
author_facet |
Daniela Soto-Madrid Marlen Gutiérrez-Cutiño Josué Pozo-Martínez María Carolina Zúñiga-López Claudio Olea-Azar Silvia Matiacevich |
author_sort |
Daniela Soto-Madrid |
title |
Dependence of the Ripeness Stage on the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) Green Husk Extracts from Industrial By-Products |
title_short |
Dependence of the Ripeness Stage on the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) Green Husk Extracts from Industrial By-Products |
title_full |
Dependence of the Ripeness Stage on the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) Green Husk Extracts from Industrial By-Products |
title_fullStr |
Dependence of the Ripeness Stage on the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) Green Husk Extracts from Industrial By-Products |
title_full_unstemmed |
Dependence of the Ripeness Stage on the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) Green Husk Extracts from Industrial By-Products |
title_sort |
dependence of the ripeness stage on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of walnut (<i>juglans regia</i> l.) green husk extracts from industrial by-products |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2021-05-01 |
description |
Walnut green husk (WGH) is a waste generated by the walnut (<i>Juglans regia L.</i>) harvest industry. It represents a natural source of polyphenols, compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, but their activity could be dependent on the ripeness stage of the raw material. In this study, the effect of the different ripeness stages—open (OH) and closed (CH) husks—on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of WGH extracts were analyzed, emphasizing the influence of the extracts in inhibiting <i>Escherichia coli</i> growth. The ripeness stage of WGH significantly affected the antioxidant activity of the extracts. This was attributed to the different polyphenol profiles related to the mechanical stress when the husk opened compared to the closed sample. The antimicrobial activity showed inhibition of <i>E. coli</i> growth. OH-extracts at 96 µg/mL caused the lowest specific growth rate (<i>µ</i><sub>max</sub> = 0.003 h<sup>−1</sup>) and the greatest inhibition percentage (<i>I</i> = 93%) compared to CH-extract (<i>µ</i><sub>max</sub> = 0.01 h<sup>−1</sup>; <i>I</i> = 69%). The obtained results showed the potential of the walnut green husk, principally open husk, as an economical source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents with potential use in the food industry. |
topic |
walnut green husk ripeness stage antioxidant activity antimicrobial activity <i>Escherichia coli</i> |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/10/2878 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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