In Vitro Ion Release of Wires in Removable Orthodontic Appliances

Various orthodontic wire compositions and configurations are present on the market for removable appliances; however, there have still been only few studies focusing on the effect of resin color and additives such as glitter on corrosion of metallic wires under different conditions. Thus, the aim of...

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Main Authors: Lena Wepner, Harald Andreas Färber, Andreas Jaensch, Anna Weber, Florian Heuser, Ludger Keilig, Lamia Singer, Christoph Peter Bourauel
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-06-01
Series:Materials
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/12/3402
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spelling doaj-d083944e16fd48d88cb5f47b361ca51d2021-07-01T00:38:03ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442021-06-01143402340210.3390/ma14123402In Vitro Ion Release of Wires in Removable Orthodontic AppliancesLena Wepner0Harald Andreas Färber1Andreas Jaensch2Anna Weber3Florian Heuser4Ludger Keilig5Lamia Singer6Christoph Peter Bourauel7Oral Technology, Dental School, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, GermanyInstitute for Hygiene and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, GermanyInstitute for Hygiene and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, GermanyOral Technology, Dental School, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Prosthetic Dentistry, Preclinical Education and Materials Science, Dental School, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, GermanyOral Technology, Dental School, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, GermanyOral Technology, Dental School, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, GermanyOral Technology, Dental School, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, GermanyVarious orthodontic wire compositions and configurations are present on the market for removable appliances; however, there have still been only few studies focusing on the effect of resin color and additives such as glitter on corrosion of metallic wires under different conditions. Thus, the aim of the study was to compare concentrations of released ions (aluminium, chromium, nickel) in a corrosive medium under three different conditions: non-loaded wires, loaded wires, and non-loaded wires treated with Kukis<sup>®</sup> cleaning tablets. Six different wires made of three types of steel alloy were embedded in PMMA resin leaving one centimetre of each wire emerging from the resin to come into contact with the corrosive medium. Glitter particles were added to half of the produced test specimens. For the unloaded test series, five specimens of each group were covered in a petri dish with 50 mL of corrosive medium (pH 2.3) following EN-ISO 10271 for seven days at 37 °C. The wires for the mechanically loaded test specimens overlapped the resin by 5 cm and were clamped into a time-switched electric drive for a defined period of time before the samples were taken after a testing time of 7 days. In the third group, unloaded test specimens were transferred from their petri dishes into the prepared Kukis<sup>®</sup> solution every 24 h before being stored in the corrosive medium. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantify the specific ions in the corrosive solution. Statistical analysis showed that the mechanical loading of all wires could significantly raise the diffusion of ions into the corrosive medium. The colour of the resin did not affect the concentration of the released ions. The Kukis<sup>®</sup> cleaning tabs could not lower the corrosion of the tested metals, as some of the wires were corroded even more using the brace cleanser. Glitter-containing test specimens showed significantly higher amounts of aluminium. Mechanical loading as well as the presence of glitter particles in the resin significantly affected ion concentrations.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/12/3402removable applianceorthodontic wirecorrosioncytotoxicity
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Lena Wepner
Harald Andreas Färber
Andreas Jaensch
Anna Weber
Florian Heuser
Ludger Keilig
Lamia Singer
Christoph Peter Bourauel
spellingShingle Lena Wepner
Harald Andreas Färber
Andreas Jaensch
Anna Weber
Florian Heuser
Ludger Keilig
Lamia Singer
Christoph Peter Bourauel
In Vitro Ion Release of Wires in Removable Orthodontic Appliances
Materials
removable appliance
orthodontic wire
corrosion
cytotoxicity
author_facet Lena Wepner
Harald Andreas Färber
Andreas Jaensch
Anna Weber
Florian Heuser
Ludger Keilig
Lamia Singer
Christoph Peter Bourauel
author_sort Lena Wepner
title In Vitro Ion Release of Wires in Removable Orthodontic Appliances
title_short In Vitro Ion Release of Wires in Removable Orthodontic Appliances
title_full In Vitro Ion Release of Wires in Removable Orthodontic Appliances
title_fullStr In Vitro Ion Release of Wires in Removable Orthodontic Appliances
title_full_unstemmed In Vitro Ion Release of Wires in Removable Orthodontic Appliances
title_sort in vitro ion release of wires in removable orthodontic appliances
publisher MDPI AG
series Materials
issn 1996-1944
publishDate 2021-06-01
description Various orthodontic wire compositions and configurations are present on the market for removable appliances; however, there have still been only few studies focusing on the effect of resin color and additives such as glitter on corrosion of metallic wires under different conditions. Thus, the aim of the study was to compare concentrations of released ions (aluminium, chromium, nickel) in a corrosive medium under three different conditions: non-loaded wires, loaded wires, and non-loaded wires treated with Kukis<sup>®</sup> cleaning tablets. Six different wires made of three types of steel alloy were embedded in PMMA resin leaving one centimetre of each wire emerging from the resin to come into contact with the corrosive medium. Glitter particles were added to half of the produced test specimens. For the unloaded test series, five specimens of each group were covered in a petri dish with 50 mL of corrosive medium (pH 2.3) following EN-ISO 10271 for seven days at 37 °C. The wires for the mechanically loaded test specimens overlapped the resin by 5 cm and were clamped into a time-switched electric drive for a defined period of time before the samples were taken after a testing time of 7 days. In the third group, unloaded test specimens were transferred from their petri dishes into the prepared Kukis<sup>®</sup> solution every 24 h before being stored in the corrosive medium. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantify the specific ions in the corrosive solution. Statistical analysis showed that the mechanical loading of all wires could significantly raise the diffusion of ions into the corrosive medium. The colour of the resin did not affect the concentration of the released ions. The Kukis<sup>®</sup> cleaning tabs could not lower the corrosion of the tested metals, as some of the wires were corroded even more using the brace cleanser. Glitter-containing test specimens showed significantly higher amounts of aluminium. Mechanical loading as well as the presence of glitter particles in the resin significantly affected ion concentrations.
topic removable appliance
orthodontic wire
corrosion
cytotoxicity
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/12/3402
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