Heterogeneous Fenton Degradation of Patulin in Apple Juice Using Carbon-Encapsulated Nano Zero-Valent Iron (CE-nZVI)

Patulin (PAT), a mycotoxin found mainly in matured apples, is produced by different species of fungi, mainly <i>Penicillium expansum,</i> and is found in various fruits and vegetables used to produce juice. Little focus has been placed on nano-technological methods for the mitigation of...

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Main Authors: Notemba Silwana, Blanca Calderón, Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe, Andrés Fullana
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2020-05-01
Series:Foods
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/5/674
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spelling doaj-d51a34a20bf849d6be29768cd9d3a6412020-11-25T03:03:18ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582020-05-01967467410.3390/foods9050674Heterogeneous Fenton Degradation of Patulin in Apple Juice Using Carbon-Encapsulated Nano Zero-Valent Iron (CE-nZVI)Notemba Silwana0Blanca Calderón1Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe2Andrés Fullana3Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, SpainChemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, SpainSchool of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North West University, Private Bag X1290, Potchefstroom 2250, South AfricaChemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, SpainPatulin (PAT), a mycotoxin found mainly in matured apples, is produced by different species of fungi, mainly <i>Penicillium expansum,</i> and is found in various fruits and vegetables used to produce juice. Little focus has been placed on nano-technological methods for the mitigation of this problem. In this work, carbon-encapsulated nano-zero valent iron (CE-nZVI) particles were synthesized and used as heterogeneous Fenton agents for the degradation of PAT in apple juice. The particles were found to have a spherical shape with a diameter of 130 ± 50 nm. In a heterogeneous Fenton degradation (involving CE-nZVI) process, a concentration of 0.05 g/L CE-nZVI with 0.5 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> was used. Since the Fenton oxidation process is pH-dependent, placebo degradation was observed at varying pH conditions with an average percentage of PAT degradation of 27.8%, 87.0%, 98.0%, and 99.75% at pH 6, 5, 4.5, and 3.5 respectively, between 1 min to 4 h in a water matrix. In a juice matrix, at the regular pH of juice (3.6), percentage PAT degradation of 72% and 89% was obtained after a 2-h treatment using heterogeneous Fenton oxidation (CE-nZVI/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) systems, using 0.5 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and 1 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/5/674apple juiceheterogeneous Fenton oxidationnano-zerovalent iron particlespatulin degradation
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Notemba Silwana
Blanca Calderón
Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe
Andrés Fullana
spellingShingle Notemba Silwana
Blanca Calderón
Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe
Andrés Fullana
Heterogeneous Fenton Degradation of Patulin in Apple Juice Using Carbon-Encapsulated Nano Zero-Valent Iron (CE-nZVI)
Foods
apple juice
heterogeneous Fenton oxidation
nano-zerovalent iron particles
patulin degradation
author_facet Notemba Silwana
Blanca Calderón
Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe
Andrés Fullana
author_sort Notemba Silwana
title Heterogeneous Fenton Degradation of Patulin in Apple Juice Using Carbon-Encapsulated Nano Zero-Valent Iron (CE-nZVI)
title_short Heterogeneous Fenton Degradation of Patulin in Apple Juice Using Carbon-Encapsulated Nano Zero-Valent Iron (CE-nZVI)
title_full Heterogeneous Fenton Degradation of Patulin in Apple Juice Using Carbon-Encapsulated Nano Zero-Valent Iron (CE-nZVI)
title_fullStr Heterogeneous Fenton Degradation of Patulin in Apple Juice Using Carbon-Encapsulated Nano Zero-Valent Iron (CE-nZVI)
title_full_unstemmed Heterogeneous Fenton Degradation of Patulin in Apple Juice Using Carbon-Encapsulated Nano Zero-Valent Iron (CE-nZVI)
title_sort heterogeneous fenton degradation of patulin in apple juice using carbon-encapsulated nano zero-valent iron (ce-nzvi)
publisher MDPI AG
series Foods
issn 2304-8158
publishDate 2020-05-01
description Patulin (PAT), a mycotoxin found mainly in matured apples, is produced by different species of fungi, mainly <i>Penicillium expansum,</i> and is found in various fruits and vegetables used to produce juice. Little focus has been placed on nano-technological methods for the mitigation of this problem. In this work, carbon-encapsulated nano-zero valent iron (CE-nZVI) particles were synthesized and used as heterogeneous Fenton agents for the degradation of PAT in apple juice. The particles were found to have a spherical shape with a diameter of 130 ± 50 nm. In a heterogeneous Fenton degradation (involving CE-nZVI) process, a concentration of 0.05 g/L CE-nZVI with 0.5 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> was used. Since the Fenton oxidation process is pH-dependent, placebo degradation was observed at varying pH conditions with an average percentage of PAT degradation of 27.8%, 87.0%, 98.0%, and 99.75% at pH 6, 5, 4.5, and 3.5 respectively, between 1 min to 4 h in a water matrix. In a juice matrix, at the regular pH of juice (3.6), percentage PAT degradation of 72% and 89% was obtained after a 2-h treatment using heterogeneous Fenton oxidation (CE-nZVI/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) systems, using 0.5 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and 1 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, respectively.
topic apple juice
heterogeneous Fenton oxidation
nano-zerovalent iron particles
patulin degradation
url https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/5/674
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