Phosphorylated and Nonphosphorylated PfMAP2 Are Localized in the Nucleus, Dependent on the Stage of Plasmodium falciparum Asexual Maturation
Plasmodium falciparum mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, a family of enzymes central to signal transduction processes including inflammatory responses, are a promising target for antimalarial drug development. Our study shows for the first time that the P. falciparum specific MAP kinase 2 (PfM...
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doaj-d86bc7e3b05e4756b26f5b42aafd30282020-11-25T00:28:31ZengHindawi LimitedBioMed Research International2314-61332314-61412016-01-01201610.1155/2016/16450971645097Phosphorylated and Nonphosphorylated PfMAP2 Are Localized in the Nucleus, Dependent on the Stage of Plasmodium falciparum Asexual MaturationFarah Aida Dahalan0Hasidah Mohd Sidek1Mogana Das Murtey2Mohammed Noor Embi3Jamaiah Ibrahim4Lim Fei Tieng5Nurul Aiezzah Zakaria6Noraishah Mydin Abdul-Aziz7School of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaSchool of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaCluster of Integrative Medicine, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, MalaysiaSchool of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaFaculty of Pharmacy, University of Technology MARA, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaPlasmodium falciparum mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, a family of enzymes central to signal transduction processes including inflammatory responses, are a promising target for antimalarial drug development. Our study shows for the first time that the P. falciparum specific MAP kinase 2 (PfMAP2) is colocalized in the nucleus of all of the asexual erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum and is particularly elevated in its phosphorylated form. It was also discovered that PfMAP2 is expressed in its highest quantity during the early trophozoite (ring form) stage and significantly reduced in the mature trophozoite and schizont stages. Although the phosphorylated form of the kinase is always more prevalent, its ratio relative to the nonphosphorylated form remained constant irrespective of the parasites’ developmental stage. We have also shown that the TSH motif specifically renders PfMAP2 genetically divergent from the other plasmodial MAP kinase activation sites using Neighbour Joining analysis. Furthermore, TSH motif-specific designed antibody is crucial in determining the location of the expression of the PfMAP2 protein. However, by using immunoelectron microscopy, PPfMAP2 were detected ubiquitously in the parasitized erythrocytes. In summary, PfMAP2 may play a far more important role than previously thought and is a worthy candidate for research as an antimalarial.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1645097 |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Farah Aida Dahalan Hasidah Mohd Sidek Mogana Das Murtey Mohammed Noor Embi Jamaiah Ibrahim Lim Fei Tieng Nurul Aiezzah Zakaria Noraishah Mydin Abdul-Aziz |
spellingShingle |
Farah Aida Dahalan Hasidah Mohd Sidek Mogana Das Murtey Mohammed Noor Embi Jamaiah Ibrahim Lim Fei Tieng Nurul Aiezzah Zakaria Noraishah Mydin Abdul-Aziz Phosphorylated and Nonphosphorylated PfMAP2 Are Localized in the Nucleus, Dependent on the Stage of Plasmodium falciparum Asexual Maturation BioMed Research International |
author_facet |
Farah Aida Dahalan Hasidah Mohd Sidek Mogana Das Murtey Mohammed Noor Embi Jamaiah Ibrahim Lim Fei Tieng Nurul Aiezzah Zakaria Noraishah Mydin Abdul-Aziz |
author_sort |
Farah Aida Dahalan |
title |
Phosphorylated and Nonphosphorylated PfMAP2 Are Localized in the Nucleus, Dependent on the Stage of Plasmodium falciparum Asexual Maturation |
title_short |
Phosphorylated and Nonphosphorylated PfMAP2 Are Localized in the Nucleus, Dependent on the Stage of Plasmodium falciparum Asexual Maturation |
title_full |
Phosphorylated and Nonphosphorylated PfMAP2 Are Localized in the Nucleus, Dependent on the Stage of Plasmodium falciparum Asexual Maturation |
title_fullStr |
Phosphorylated and Nonphosphorylated PfMAP2 Are Localized in the Nucleus, Dependent on the Stage of Plasmodium falciparum Asexual Maturation |
title_full_unstemmed |
Phosphorylated and Nonphosphorylated PfMAP2 Are Localized in the Nucleus, Dependent on the Stage of Plasmodium falciparum Asexual Maturation |
title_sort |
phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated pfmap2 are localized in the nucleus, dependent on the stage of plasmodium falciparum asexual maturation |
publisher |
Hindawi Limited |
series |
BioMed Research International |
issn |
2314-6133 2314-6141 |
publishDate |
2016-01-01 |
description |
Plasmodium falciparum mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, a family of enzymes central to signal transduction processes including inflammatory responses, are a promising target for antimalarial drug development. Our study shows for the first time that the P. falciparum specific MAP kinase 2 (PfMAP2) is colocalized in the nucleus of all of the asexual erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum and is particularly elevated in its phosphorylated form. It was also discovered that PfMAP2 is expressed in its highest quantity during the early trophozoite (ring form) stage and significantly reduced in the mature trophozoite and schizont stages. Although the phosphorylated form of the kinase is always more prevalent, its ratio relative to the nonphosphorylated form remained constant irrespective of the parasites’ developmental stage. We have also shown that the TSH motif specifically renders PfMAP2 genetically divergent from the other plasmodial MAP kinase activation sites using Neighbour Joining analysis. Furthermore, TSH motif-specific designed antibody is crucial in determining the location of the expression of the PfMAP2 protein. However, by using immunoelectron microscopy, PPfMAP2 were detected ubiquitously in the parasitized erythrocytes. In summary, PfMAP2 may play a far more important role than previously thought and is a worthy candidate for research as an antimalarial. |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1645097 |
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