Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine
Background and Aim: Equine herpesvirus-1 infection in horses causes a wide range of manifestations affecting the respiratory tract. The virus can cause serious economic losses through sporadic abortion in pregnant mares, perinatal death, respiratory disease in young foals. This study was designed to...
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Veterinary World
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doaj-f07b6aecc2e34b7c9132db82d37ea15a2021-07-15T06:25:58ZengVeterinary WorldVeterinary World0972-89882231-09162021-07-011471815182110.14202/vetworld.2021.1815-1821Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equineFatma F. Warda0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8391-374XHala El Sawy Ahmed1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0606-1563Nermeen G. Shafik2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1792-1629Christine A. Mikhael3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5374-8627Heba M. G. Abd-ElAziz4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-9123Walaa A. Mohammed5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4521-3961Eman A. Shosha6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5862-3137Agriculture Research Center, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.Agriculture Research Center, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.Agriculture Research Center, Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, El-Seka-Baida Street, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.Agriculture Research Center, Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, El-Seka-Baida Street, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.Agriculture Research Center, Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, El-Seka-Baida Street, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.Agriculture Research Center, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Khargia-New Valley governorate, Egypt.Background and Aim: Equine herpesvirus-1 infection in horses causes a wide range of manifestations affecting the respiratory tract. The virus can cause serious economic losses through sporadic abortion in pregnant mares, perinatal death, respiratory disease in young foals. This study was designed to prepare inactivated equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) vaccine using both 0.005 M binary ethylenimine (BEI) and 0.0006% formaldehyde (FA) to decrease the use of BEI and provide a good immunological response. The efficacy, safety, and duration of immunity of the prepared inactivated EHV-1 vaccine were evaluated. Materials and Methods: The prepared FA/BEI-inactivated EHV-1 vaccine was adjuvanted with Alhydrogel and then evaluated by inoculation into guinea pigs, followed by comparison with the commercial inactivated EHV-1 vaccine. These two vaccines were evaluated by testing the safety and immunogenicity in horses classified into two groups. Group A was vaccinated with two doses of the prepared vaccine at a 4-week interval, while Group B was vaccinated with two doses of the commercial vaccine only. Anti-EHV-1 antibodies were detected in horse serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralizing test (VNT). Results: Regarding the time required to inactivate EHV-1 vaccine, this was decreased using 0.005 M BEI and 0.0006% FA from 24 to 8 h. ELISA in Group A horses demonstrated a significant increase in EHV-1 antibody titer at 2 weeks after the booster dose compared with that for the pre-booster one, from 485 to 855 antibody titer, which then peaked at 1240 in the 3rd month post-vaccination; after that, it began to decline gradually until the 6th month. Meanwhile, in Group B, the ELISA reading increased from 420 to 790 and then peaked at 1215. The VNT mean in Group A increased from 1.1 to 2.5 within 2 weeks after administration of the booster dose, while in Group B it increased from 0.8 to 2.1. Moreover, ELISA in Group A pigs indicated mean antibody titers at the 3rd week post-inoculation of 576 for Group A and 554 for Group B. Conclusion: The inactivated EHV-1 vaccine, with fewer chemicals, was prepared in a shorter time. It is safe and also more potent to protect horses for up to 6 months against EHV-1 infection than the commercially produced vaccine.http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.14/July-2021/13.pdfbinary ethylene imineequine herpesvirus-1formaldehydeimmunogenicityinactivated vaccine |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Fatma F. Warda Hala El Sawy Ahmed Nermeen G. Shafik Christine A. Mikhael Heba M. G. Abd-ElAziz Walaa A. Mohammed Eman A. Shosha |
spellingShingle |
Fatma F. Warda Hala El Sawy Ahmed Nermeen G. Shafik Christine A. Mikhael Heba M. G. Abd-ElAziz Walaa A. Mohammed Eman A. Shosha Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine Veterinary World binary ethylene imine equine herpesvirus-1 formaldehyde immunogenicity inactivated vaccine |
author_facet |
Fatma F. Warda Hala El Sawy Ahmed Nermeen G. Shafik Christine A. Mikhael Heba M. G. Abd-ElAziz Walaa A. Mohammed Eman A. Shosha |
author_sort |
Fatma F. Warda |
title |
Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine |
title_short |
Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine |
title_full |
Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine |
title_fullStr |
Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine |
title_full_unstemmed |
Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine |
title_sort |
application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine |
publisher |
Veterinary World |
series |
Veterinary World |
issn |
0972-8988 2231-0916 |
publishDate |
2021-07-01 |
description |
Background and Aim: Equine herpesvirus-1 infection in horses causes a wide range of manifestations affecting the respiratory tract. The virus can cause serious economic losses through sporadic abortion in pregnant mares, perinatal death, respiratory disease in young foals. This study was designed to prepare inactivated equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) vaccine using both 0.005 M binary ethylenimine (BEI) and 0.0006% formaldehyde (FA) to decrease the use of BEI and provide a good immunological response. The efficacy, safety, and duration of immunity of the prepared inactivated EHV-1 vaccine were evaluated.
Materials and Methods: The prepared FA/BEI-inactivated EHV-1 vaccine was adjuvanted with Alhydrogel and then evaluated by inoculation into guinea pigs, followed by comparison with the commercial inactivated EHV-1 vaccine. These two vaccines were evaluated by testing the safety and immunogenicity in horses classified into two groups. Group A was vaccinated with two doses of the prepared vaccine at a 4-week interval, while Group B was vaccinated with two doses of the commercial vaccine only. Anti-EHV-1 antibodies were detected in horse serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralizing test (VNT).
Results: Regarding the time required to inactivate EHV-1 vaccine, this was decreased using 0.005 M BEI and 0.0006% FA from 24 to 8 h. ELISA in Group A horses demonstrated a significant increase in EHV-1 antibody titer at 2 weeks after the booster dose compared with that for the pre-booster one, from 485 to 855 antibody titer, which then peaked at 1240 in the 3rd month post-vaccination; after that, it began to decline gradually until the 6th month. Meanwhile, in Group B, the ELISA reading increased from 420 to 790 and then peaked at 1215. The VNT mean in Group A increased from 1.1 to 2.5 within 2 weeks after administration of the booster dose, while in Group B it increased from 0.8 to 2.1. Moreover, ELISA in Group A pigs indicated mean antibody titers at the 3rd week post-inoculation of 576 for Group A and 554 for Group B.
Conclusion: The inactivated EHV-1 vaccine, with fewer chemicals, was prepared in a shorter time. It is safe and also more potent to protect horses for up to 6 months against EHV-1 infection than the commercially produced vaccine. |
topic |
binary ethylene imine equine herpesvirus-1 formaldehyde immunogenicity inactivated vaccine |
url |
http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.14/July-2021/13.pdf |
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