Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study
Abstract Background South Africa has one of the highest burdens of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in high-risk populations such as young children, adolescents, household contacts of TB cases, people living with HIV, gold miners and health care workers, but little is known about the burden of L...
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doaj-f2e257f3de9043338f3524ade0fcaa782020-11-25T03:37:15ZengBMCBMC Infectious Diseases1471-23342016-11-0116111010.1186/s12879-016-1989-xPrevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional studyJabulani R. Ncayiyana0Jean Bassett1Nora West2Daniel Westreich3Eustasius Musenge4Michael Emch5Audrey Pettifor6Colleen F. Hanrahan7Sheree R. Schwartz8Ian Sanne9Annelies van Rie10Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillWitkoppen Health and Welfare CentreWitkoppen Health and Welfare CentreDepartment of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the WitwatersrandDepartment of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillDepartment of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillDepartment of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins UniversityDepartment of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins UniversityClinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the WitwatersrandDepartment of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillAbstract Background South Africa has one of the highest burdens of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in high-risk populations such as young children, adolescents, household contacts of TB cases, people living with HIV, gold miners and health care workers, but little is known about the burden of LTBI in its general population. Methods Using a community-based survey with random sampling, we examined the burden of LTBI in an urban township of Johannesburg and investigated factors associated with LTBI. The outcome of LTBI was based on TST positivity, with a TST considered positive if the induration was ≥5 mm in people living with HIV or ≥10 mm in those with unknown or HIV negative status. We used bivariate and multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with LTBI Results The overall prevalence of LTBI was 34.3 (95 % CI 30.0, 38.8 %), the annual risk of infection among children age 0–14 years was 3.1 % (95 % CI 2.1, 5.2). LTBI was not associated with HIV status. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, LTBI was associated with age (OR = 1.03 for every year increase in age, 95 % CI = 1.01–1.05), male gender (OR = 2.70, 95 % CI = 1.55–4.70), marital status (OR = 2.00, 95 % CI = 1.31–3.54), and higher socio-economic status (OR = 2.11, 95 % CI = 1.04–4.31). Conclusions The prevalence of LTBI and the annual risk of infection with M. tuberculosis is high in urban populations, especially in men, but independent of HIV infection status. This study suggests that LTBI may be associated with higher SES, in contrast to the well-established association between TB disease and poverty.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12879-016-1989-xSouth AfricaLTBIPrevalenceARIRisk factorsUrban population |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Jabulani R. Ncayiyana Jean Bassett Nora West Daniel Westreich Eustasius Musenge Michael Emch Audrey Pettifor Colleen F. Hanrahan Sheree R. Schwartz Ian Sanne Annelies van Rie |
spellingShingle |
Jabulani R. Ncayiyana Jean Bassett Nora West Daniel Westreich Eustasius Musenge Michael Emch Audrey Pettifor Colleen F. Hanrahan Sheree R. Schwartz Ian Sanne Annelies van Rie Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study BMC Infectious Diseases South Africa LTBI Prevalence ARI Risk factors Urban population |
author_facet |
Jabulani R. Ncayiyana Jean Bassett Nora West Daniel Westreich Eustasius Musenge Michael Emch Audrey Pettifor Colleen F. Hanrahan Sheree R. Schwartz Ian Sanne Annelies van Rie |
author_sort |
Jabulani R. Ncayiyana |
title |
Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study |
title_short |
Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study |
title_full |
Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study |
title_fullStr |
Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study |
title_full_unstemmed |
Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study |
title_sort |
prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in johannesburg, south africa: a cross-sectional study |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
BMC Infectious Diseases |
issn |
1471-2334 |
publishDate |
2016-11-01 |
description |
Abstract Background South Africa has one of the highest burdens of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in high-risk populations such as young children, adolescents, household contacts of TB cases, people living with HIV, gold miners and health care workers, but little is known about the burden of LTBI in its general population. Methods Using a community-based survey with random sampling, we examined the burden of LTBI in an urban township of Johannesburg and investigated factors associated with LTBI. The outcome of LTBI was based on TST positivity, with a TST considered positive if the induration was ≥5 mm in people living with HIV or ≥10 mm in those with unknown or HIV negative status. We used bivariate and multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with LTBI Results The overall prevalence of LTBI was 34.3 (95 % CI 30.0, 38.8 %), the annual risk of infection among children age 0–14 years was 3.1 % (95 % CI 2.1, 5.2). LTBI was not associated with HIV status. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, LTBI was associated with age (OR = 1.03 for every year increase in age, 95 % CI = 1.01–1.05), male gender (OR = 2.70, 95 % CI = 1.55–4.70), marital status (OR = 2.00, 95 % CI = 1.31–3.54), and higher socio-economic status (OR = 2.11, 95 % CI = 1.04–4.31). Conclusions The prevalence of LTBI and the annual risk of infection with M. tuberculosis is high in urban populations, especially in men, but independent of HIV infection status. This study suggests that LTBI may be associated with higher SES, in contrast to the well-established association between TB disease and poverty. |
topic |
South Africa LTBI Prevalence ARI Risk factors Urban population |
url |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12879-016-1989-x |
work_keys_str_mv |
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