Non-prescribed antimicrobial use and associated factors among customers in drug retail outlet in Central Zone of Tigray, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Abstract Background Non-prescribed antimicrobial use and their resistance are among the main public health problems, worldwide. In Ethiopia, particularly in the northern part, the magnitude of non-prescribed antimicrobial use and its major determinants is not yet well known. Thus, this study was don...
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doaj-f377fdaf38784ac493df9df285a056db2020-11-25T00:16:50ZengBMCAntimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control2047-29942017-06-016111010.1186/s13756-017-0227-7Non-prescribed antimicrobial use and associated factors among customers in drug retail outlet in Central Zone of Tigray, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional studyNegash Hadera Gebrekirstos0Birhanu Demeke Workneh1Yosef Sibhatu Gebregiorgis2Kebede Haile Misgina3Negassie Berhe Weldehaweria4Meresa Gebremedhin Weldu5Hailay Siyum Belay6Private pharmacy ownerCollege of Health Sciences, Wollo UniversityDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Aksum UniversityDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Aksum UniversityDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Aksum UniversityDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Aksum UniversityDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Aksum UniversityAbstract Background Non-prescribed antimicrobial use and their resistance are among the main public health problems, worldwide. In Ethiopia, particularly in the northern part, the magnitude of non-prescribed antimicrobial use and its major determinants is not yet well known. Thus, this study was done to assess the magnitude of non-prescribed anti-microbial use and associated factors among customers in drug retail outlet in Central Zone, Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods A drug retail outlet based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged 18 years and above. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select study participants. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire by druggists under the supervision of pharmacists. Data were entered into EpiInfo software version 3.5.4. Binary logistic regression was used to identify independently associated variables in bivariate and multivariable analyses using SPSS version 21. Odds Ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Results From 829 study samples, a total of 780 respondents participated in this study with a response rate of 94.1%. Of 367 respondents who received non-prescribed antimicrobial, 249 (67.8%), 121 (33%), and 94 (25.6%) of them were males, secondary school and paid employed respectively. The magnitude of non-prescribed antimicrobial use was 47.1% (95% CI: 43.8, 50.5). The factors which were independently associated with non-prescribed antimicrobial use were male sex [AOR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.21, 2.44], seeking modern health care in private/Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) [AOR =0.47, 95% CI; 0.23, 0.98], moderate waiting time in health care facilities [AOR = 1.92, 95% CI; 1.20, 3.09], delayed waiting time in health care facilities [AOR = 1.56, 95% CI; 1.03, 2.38], ever received antimicrobial [AOR = 3.51, 95% CI; 2.45, 5.02], and frequency of purchasing non-prescribed antimicrobial (1–3 times and 4 times, [AOR = 2.04, 95% CI; 1.36, 3.06] and [AOR = 2.66, 95% CI; 1.24, 5.68] respectively). Conclusion The magnitude of non-prescribed antimicrobial use was high. Familiarizing with health care utilization and delayed waiting time in health care facilities were the very important factors independently associated with non-prescribed antimicrobial use. Emphasis should be given to community education through involvement of the private health sector and health care providers. Regulation and policy enforcement are also necessary to promote the rational use of antimicrobial.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13756-017-0227-7AntimicrobialMagnitudeNon-prescribedEthiopiaDrug retail outlets |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Negash Hadera Gebrekirstos Birhanu Demeke Workneh Yosef Sibhatu Gebregiorgis Kebede Haile Misgina Negassie Berhe Weldehaweria Meresa Gebremedhin Weldu Hailay Siyum Belay |
spellingShingle |
Negash Hadera Gebrekirstos Birhanu Demeke Workneh Yosef Sibhatu Gebregiorgis Kebede Haile Misgina Negassie Berhe Weldehaweria Meresa Gebremedhin Weldu Hailay Siyum Belay Non-prescribed antimicrobial use and associated factors among customers in drug retail outlet in Central Zone of Tigray, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control Antimicrobial Magnitude Non-prescribed Ethiopia Drug retail outlets |
author_facet |
Negash Hadera Gebrekirstos Birhanu Demeke Workneh Yosef Sibhatu Gebregiorgis Kebede Haile Misgina Negassie Berhe Weldehaweria Meresa Gebremedhin Weldu Hailay Siyum Belay |
author_sort |
Negash Hadera Gebrekirstos |
title |
Non-prescribed antimicrobial use and associated factors among customers in drug retail outlet in Central Zone of Tigray, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study |
title_short |
Non-prescribed antimicrobial use and associated factors among customers in drug retail outlet in Central Zone of Tigray, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study |
title_full |
Non-prescribed antimicrobial use and associated factors among customers in drug retail outlet in Central Zone of Tigray, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study |
title_fullStr |
Non-prescribed antimicrobial use and associated factors among customers in drug retail outlet in Central Zone of Tigray, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study |
title_full_unstemmed |
Non-prescribed antimicrobial use and associated factors among customers in drug retail outlet in Central Zone of Tigray, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study |
title_sort |
non-prescribed antimicrobial use and associated factors among customers in drug retail outlet in central zone of tigray, northern ethiopia: a cross-sectional study |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control |
issn |
2047-2994 |
publishDate |
2017-06-01 |
description |
Abstract Background Non-prescribed antimicrobial use and their resistance are among the main public health problems, worldwide. In Ethiopia, particularly in the northern part, the magnitude of non-prescribed antimicrobial use and its major determinants is not yet well known. Thus, this study was done to assess the magnitude of non-prescribed anti-microbial use and associated factors among customers in drug retail outlet in Central Zone, Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods A drug retail outlet based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged 18 years and above. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select study participants. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire by druggists under the supervision of pharmacists. Data were entered into EpiInfo software version 3.5.4. Binary logistic regression was used to identify independently associated variables in bivariate and multivariable analyses using SPSS version 21. Odds Ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Results From 829 study samples, a total of 780 respondents participated in this study with a response rate of 94.1%. Of 367 respondents who received non-prescribed antimicrobial, 249 (67.8%), 121 (33%), and 94 (25.6%) of them were males, secondary school and paid employed respectively. The magnitude of non-prescribed antimicrobial use was 47.1% (95% CI: 43.8, 50.5). The factors which were independently associated with non-prescribed antimicrobial use were male sex [AOR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.21, 2.44], seeking modern health care in private/Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) [AOR =0.47, 95% CI; 0.23, 0.98], moderate waiting time in health care facilities [AOR = 1.92, 95% CI; 1.20, 3.09], delayed waiting time in health care facilities [AOR = 1.56, 95% CI; 1.03, 2.38], ever received antimicrobial [AOR = 3.51, 95% CI; 2.45, 5.02], and frequency of purchasing non-prescribed antimicrobial (1–3 times and 4 times, [AOR = 2.04, 95% CI; 1.36, 3.06] and [AOR = 2.66, 95% CI; 1.24, 5.68] respectively). Conclusion The magnitude of non-prescribed antimicrobial use was high. Familiarizing with health care utilization and delayed waiting time in health care facilities were the very important factors independently associated with non-prescribed antimicrobial use. Emphasis should be given to community education through involvement of the private health sector and health care providers. Regulation and policy enforcement are also necessary to promote the rational use of antimicrobial. |
topic |
Antimicrobial Magnitude Non-prescribed Ethiopia Drug retail outlets |
url |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13756-017-0227-7 |
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