Small Molecule Metabolite Biomarker Candidates in Urine from Mice Exposed to Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde (FA) is a ubiquitous compound used in a wide variety of industries, and is also a major indoor pollutant emitted from building materials, furniture, etc. Because FA is rapidly metabolized and endogenous to many materials, specific biomarkers for exposure have not been identified. In thi...
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doaj-f8020005de3f4774b41f13c64ba6b9ae2020-11-25T01:40:29ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1422-00672014-09-01159164581646810.3390/ijms150916458ijms150916458Small Molecule Metabolite Biomarker Candidates in Urine from Mice Exposed to FormaldehydeJuan Zhang0Rongli Sun1Yue Chen2Kehong Tan3Haiyan Wei4Lihong Yin5Yuepu Pu6Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaKey Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaKey Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaKey Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaKey Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaKey Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaKey Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaFormaldehyde (FA) is a ubiquitous compound used in a wide variety of industries, and is also a major indoor pollutant emitted from building materials, furniture, etc. Because FA is rapidly metabolized and endogenous to many materials, specific biomarkers for exposure have not been identified. In this study, we identified small metabolite biomarkers in urine that might be related FA exposure. Mice were allowed to inhale FA (0, 4, 8 mg/m3) 6 h per day for 7 consecutive days, and urine samples were collected on the 7th day of exposure. Liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight-mass spectrometry and principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to determine alterations of endogenous metabolites in urine. Additionally, immune toxicity studies were conducted to ensure that any resultant toxic effects could be attributed to inhalation of FA. The results showed a significant decrease in the relative rates of T lymphocyte production in the spleen and thymus of mice exposed to FA. Additionally, decreased superoxide dismutase activity and increased reactive oxygen species levels were found in the isolated spleen cells of exposed mice. A total of 12 small molecules were found to be altered in the urine, and PCA analysis showed that urine from the control and FA exposed groups could be distinguished from each other based on the altered molecules. Hippuric acid and cinnamoylglycine were identified in urine using exact mass and fragment ions. Our results suggest that the pattern of metabolites found in urine is significantly changed following FA inhalation, and hippuric acid and cinnamoylglycine might represent potential biomarker candidates for FA exposure.http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/15/9/16458formaldehydebiomarkermetabonomicsurineHPLC-TOF-MS |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Juan Zhang Rongli Sun Yue Chen Kehong Tan Haiyan Wei Lihong Yin Yuepu Pu |
spellingShingle |
Juan Zhang Rongli Sun Yue Chen Kehong Tan Haiyan Wei Lihong Yin Yuepu Pu Small Molecule Metabolite Biomarker Candidates in Urine from Mice Exposed to Formaldehyde International Journal of Molecular Sciences formaldehyde biomarker metabonomics urine HPLC-TOF-MS |
author_facet |
Juan Zhang Rongli Sun Yue Chen Kehong Tan Haiyan Wei Lihong Yin Yuepu Pu |
author_sort |
Juan Zhang |
title |
Small Molecule Metabolite Biomarker Candidates in Urine from Mice Exposed to Formaldehyde |
title_short |
Small Molecule Metabolite Biomarker Candidates in Urine from Mice Exposed to Formaldehyde |
title_full |
Small Molecule Metabolite Biomarker Candidates in Urine from Mice Exposed to Formaldehyde |
title_fullStr |
Small Molecule Metabolite Biomarker Candidates in Urine from Mice Exposed to Formaldehyde |
title_full_unstemmed |
Small Molecule Metabolite Biomarker Candidates in Urine from Mice Exposed to Formaldehyde |
title_sort |
small molecule metabolite biomarker candidates in urine from mice exposed to formaldehyde |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2014-09-01 |
description |
Formaldehyde (FA) is a ubiquitous compound used in a wide variety of industries, and is also a major indoor pollutant emitted from building materials, furniture, etc. Because FA is rapidly metabolized and endogenous to many materials, specific biomarkers for exposure have not been identified. In this study, we identified small metabolite biomarkers in urine that might be related FA exposure. Mice were allowed to inhale FA (0, 4, 8 mg/m3) 6 h per day for 7 consecutive days, and urine samples were collected on the 7th day of exposure. Liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight-mass spectrometry and principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to determine alterations of endogenous metabolites in urine. Additionally, immune toxicity studies were conducted to ensure that any resultant toxic effects could be attributed to inhalation of FA. The results showed a significant decrease in the relative rates of T lymphocyte production in the spleen and thymus of mice exposed to FA. Additionally, decreased superoxide dismutase activity and increased reactive oxygen species levels were found in the isolated spleen cells of exposed mice. A total of 12 small molecules were found to be altered in the urine, and PCA analysis showed that urine from the control and FA exposed groups could be distinguished from each other based on the altered molecules. Hippuric acid and cinnamoylglycine were identified in urine using exact mass and fragment ions. Our results suggest that the pattern of metabolites found in urine is significantly changed following FA inhalation, and hippuric acid and cinnamoylglycine might represent potential biomarker candidates for FA exposure. |
topic |
formaldehyde biomarker metabonomics urine HPLC-TOF-MS |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/15/9/16458 |
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