Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst

Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst

In this research, shells of Cyrtopleura costata, commonly known as angel wing, were used to prepare sulfated calcined angel wing shell (CAWS) catalysts by a simple, low-cost method. The produced CAWS-SO4catalyst was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission infrared spectr...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Goto, M. (Author), Kanda, H. (Author), Lokman Ibrahim, M. (Author), Nur Syazwani, O. (Author), Taufiq-Yap, Y.H (Author), Wahyudiono (Author)
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier B.V. 2017
Subjects:
BET surface area
Biodiesel
Carbon dioxide
Catalyst loadings
Catalysts
Esterification
Esters
Fatty acids
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
High fatty acids
High free fatty acids
Infrared spectroscopy
Low cost methods
Methanol
Palm fatty acid distillate
Scanning electron microscopy
Shells (structures)
Sulfated calcium oxide
Supercritical
Supercritical methanol
Temperature programmed desorption
Waste shell
X ray diffraction
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