Islamic banking Islamism 2 banking 2 Financial crisis 1 Gharar 1 Gross Domestic Product 1 Islamic development 1 Islamic economics 1 Islamic economy 1 Islamic finance 1 Islamic mu’âmalah 1 Riba 1 Shari'ah 1 Zakah 1 causality tests 1 civil rights 1 credit 1 credit provision 1 economic growth 1 electoral politics 1 empirical analysis 1 governance 1 governance approach 1 growth 1 institutions 1 loan growth 1 policy implementation 1 political economy 1 political regime and political risk 1 public service 1