Weakly <i>B</i>-Symmetric Warped Product Manifolds with Applications

This work presents a comprehensive study of weakly <i>B</i>-symmetric warped product manifolds <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>W</...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Axioms
Main Authors: Bang-Yen Chen, Sameh Shenawy, Uday Chand De, Safaa Ahmed, Hanan Alohali
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-10-01
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/14/10/749
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Summary:This work presents a comprehensive study of weakly <i>B</i>-symmetric warped product manifolds <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>W</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>S</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>n</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, a natural extension of several classical curvature-restricted geometries including <i>B</i>-flat, <i>B</i>-parallel, and <i>B</i>-recurrent manifolds. We begin by formulating the fundamental properties of the <i>B</i>-tensor <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mspace width="4pt"></mspace><mi>B</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>X</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>Y</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>S</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>X</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>Y</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>X</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>Y</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, where <i>S</i> is the Ricci tensor, <i>r</i> the scalar curvature, and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> are smooth non-vanishing functions. The warped product structure is then exploited to obtain explicit curvature identities for base and fiber manifolds under various geometric constraints. Detailed characterizations are established for Einstein conditions, Codazzi-type tensors, cyclic parallel tensors, and the behavior of geodesic vector fields. The weakly <i>B</i>-symmetric condition is analyzed through all possible projections of vector fields, leading to sharp criteria describing the interaction between the warping function and curvature. Several applications are discussed in the context of Lorentzian geometry, including perfect fluid and generalized Robertson–Walker spacetimes in general relativity. These results not only unify different curvature-restricted frameworks but also reveal new geometric and physical implications of warped product manifolds endowed with weak <i>B</i>-symmetry.
ISSN:2075-1680