Hemagglutinin Subtype Specificity and Mechanisms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Genesis

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAIVs) arise from low pathogenic precursors following spillover from wild waterfowl into poultry populations. The main virulence determinant of HPAIVs is the presence of a multi-basic cleavage site (MBCS) in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. The MBCS al...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Viruses
Main Authors:	Anja C. M. de Bruin, Mathis Funk, Monique I. Spronken, Alexander P. Gultyaev, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Mathilde Richard
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2022-07-01
Subjects:	Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses multibasic cleavage site virulence pathogen evolution proteolytic cleavage
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/7/1566

Similar Items

In Silico Analyses of the Role of Codon Usage at the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site in Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Genesis
by: Mathis Funk, et al.
Published: (2022-06-01)

Structural Requirements in the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site-Coding RNA Region for the Generation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus
by: Yurie Kida, et al.
Published: (2021-12-01)

Bivalent Hemagglutinin Cleavage-Site Peptide Vaccines Protect Chickens from Lethal Infections with Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and H5N6 Avian Influenza Viruses
by: Dibakar Chowdhury, et al.
Published: (2024-02-01)

Iceland as Stepping Stone for Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus between Europe and North America
by: Anne Günther, et al.
Published: (2022-12-01)

Substitution Arg140Gly in Hemagglutinin Reduced the Virulence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H7N1
by: Anastasia Treshchalina, et al.
Published: (2021-08-01)

Incursion of Novel Eurasian Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza H5 Virus, Australia, 2023
by: Michelle Wille, et al.
Published: (2024-12-01)

Reduced Replication of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Duck Endothelial Cells Compared to Chicken Endothelial Cells Is Associated with Stronger Antiviral Responses
by: Anja C. M. de Bruin, et al.
Published: (2022-01-01)

Novel Genotype of HA Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 Subtype High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Emerged at a Wintering Site of Migratory Birds in Japan, 2021/22 Winter
by: Berihun Dires Mihiretu, et al.
Published: (2024-05-01)

Avian influenza viruses in wild birds in Canada following incursions of highly pathogenic H5N1 virus from Eurasia in 2021–2022
by: Jolene A. Giacinti, et al.
Published: (2024-08-01)

Diverse infectivity, transmissibility, and pathobiology of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens
by: Jung-Hoon Kwon, et al.
Published: (2023-12-01)

Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus among Dairy Cattle, Texas, USA
by: Judith U. Oguzie, et al.
Published: (2024-07-01)

Avian influenza annual report 2023
by: European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), et al.
Published: (2025-01-01)

The culture of primary duck endothelial cells for the study of avian influenza
by: Raissa L. Davis, et al.
Published: (2018-10-01)

Homo- and Heterosubtypic Immunity to Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Mitigates the Clinical Outcome of Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4.b in Captive Mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>)
by: Karolina Tarasiuk, et al.
Published: (2023-01-01)

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance
by: Josanne H. Verhagen, et al.
Published: (2021-01-01)

Differential Protection of Chickens against Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza Virus Using Polybasic Amino Acids with H5 Cleavage Peptide
by: Sang Heui Seo
Published: (2024-01-01)

Pathogenicity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A/H5Nx Viruses in Avian and Murine Models
by: Sara H. Mahmoud, et al.
Published: (2025-02-01)

Protamine cleavage specificity of the avian pathogen Escherichia coli OmpT reveals two substrate-binding sites related to virulence
by: Juanhua Liu, et al.
Published: (2024-09-01)

Comparison of Contemporary and Historic Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Replication in Human Lung Organoids
by: Meaghan Flagg, et al.
Published: (2025-02-01)

The Pathobiology of H7N3 Low and High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses from the United States Outbreak in 2020 Differs between Turkeys and Chickens
by: Miriã F. Criado, et al.
Published: (2021-09-01)

Attachment Patterns of Avian Influenza H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Respiratory Tracts of Marine Mammals, North Atlantic Ocean
by: Syriam Sooksawasdi Na Ayudhya, et al.
Published: (2025-09-01)

Epidemiology, evolution, and biological characteristics of H6 avian influenza viruses in China
by: Xiaohao Xu, et al.
Published: (2023-12-01)

Surveillance Strategy in Duck Flocks Vaccinated against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus
by: Sophie Planchand, et al.
Published: (2025-01-01)

The Arrival of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in North America, Ensuing Epizootics in Poultry and Dairy Farms and Difficulties in Scientific Naming
by: Harald Brüssow
Published: (2024-12-01)

Genesis and Spread of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Genotype EA-2023-DG Reassortant, Western Europe
by: Steven Van Borm, et al.
Published: (2025-06-01)

Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N5 Viruses in Europe in 2016–2017 Appears Related to the Timing of Reassortment Events
by: Saskia A. Bergervoet, et al.
Published: (2019-05-01)

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N5) detected in an Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in the Svalbard Archipelago, Norway, 2023
by: Alexander Postel, et al.
Published: (2025-12-01)

Pathogenicity of H5N8 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus in Chickens and Ducks from South Korea in 2020–2021
by: Min-Ji Park, et al.
Published: (2021-09-01)

Risk for Infection in Humans after Exposure to Birds Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, United States, 2022
by: Krista Kniss, et al.
Published: (2023-06-01)

Experimental Infection of Chickens with H5N8 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Japan in the Winter of 2020–2021
by: Saki Sakuma, et al.
Published: (2023-11-01)

Low Pathogenicity H7N3 Avian Influenza Viruses Have Higher Within-Host Genetic Diversity Than a Closely Related High Pathogenicity H7N3 Virus in Infected Turkeys and Chickens
by: Christina M. Leyson, et al.
Published: (2022-03-01)

Risk for Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus on Poultry Farms, the Netherlands, 2007–2013
by: Ruth Bouwstra, et al.
Published: (2017-09-01)

Safety and Immunogenicity of Poultry Vaccine for Protecting Critically Endangered Avian Species against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus, United States
by: Todd E. Katzner, et al.
Published: (2025-06-01)

Wild Bird Densities and Landscape Variables Predict Spatial Patterns in HPAI Outbreak Risk across The Netherlands
by: Janneke Schreuder, et al.
Published: (2022-05-01)

Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza
by: EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (AHAW), et al.
Published: (2025-01-01)

The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019–2023
by: Zhiwei Zhang, et al.
Published: (2024-09-01)

The Drivers of Pathology in Zoonotic Avian Influenza: The Interplay Between Host and Pathogen
by: William S. J. Horman, et al.
Published: (2018-08-01)

Investigation of Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Neutralization by Quadrivalent Seasonal Vaccines, United Kingdom, 2021–2024
by: Phoebe Stevenson-Leggett, et al.
Published: (2025-06-01)

Research Note: A recombinant duck-derived H6N2 subtype avian influenza virus can replicate and shed in young chickens and cause disease
by: Meng-Yi Dong, et al.
Published: (2023-10-01)

Control of highly pathogenic avian influenza through vaccination
by: Xianying Zeng, et al.
Published: (2024-05-01)