Tumor necrosis factor-α enhances the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in a mouse orthodontic tooth movement model

Background/purpose: Tooth movement that is achieved using orthodontic mechanical principles relies on bone resorption which takes place on the compression side via osteoclasts. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) has been known to affect osteoclast formation in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Vascular...

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