| 總結: | This research questions the inconsistencies between form, regulatory status and use of land, more precisely of freehold. These inconsistencies can create abandoned and neglected spaces. Several authors have named, described and analyzed them. Residuals (Sitte, 1889), border vacuums (Jacobs, 1961), terrains vagues (Solà Moralès, 1995), urban interstices (Tonnelat, 2003), tiers paysage (Clément, 2004), intermediate spaces (Flamand, 2008) are some examples, linked to positive or negative representations produced by urban, economic and social contexts. The persistence of this phenomenon demonstrates the necessity of inventing new words to define new mechanisms. In this perspective, I introduce the notion of tiers foncier (third freehold), which can be defined as a transitional state of land, evading the standards established in the regulated city. The model of tiers foncier, conceived as a thinking and analysis tool, characterizes each of the components of land (form, status of ownership, uses) and informs the social, political, economic and symbolic factors to which they are subordinated. We will see in particular how this model helps to identify the morphological, legal and/or use singularities of land (tiers foncier) and to draw up a form of "identity card".
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