| Summary: | The compactness of the secondary lining in tunnels is crucial for the overall stability and durability of the structures. This study aims to thoroughly analyze the causes and formation mechanisms of voids in the secondary lining, providing scientific guidance for construction and monitoring in tunnel engineering. Firstly, through field investigations and theoretical analysis, key factors leading to the formation of voids in the secondary lining were identified, and a corresponding formation mechanism model was established. The risk of voiding at various positions of the vault was assessed, and risk levels were categorized. Secondly, a novel real-time monitoring system was developed to capture internal void changes within the lining accurately, enabling real-time monitoring of void phenomena. Furthermore, based on a deep understanding of the void formation mechanisms, the monitoring scheme was optimally designed. Field applications verified the effectiveness of the monitoring system and the feasibility of the optimized monitoring scheme. The results indicate that this real-time monitoring system significantly improves the detection accuracy of voids in tunnel linings. The optimized monitoring scheme effectively guides construction, reducing the occurrence of voids and thereby enhancing the quality and safety of tunnel engineering. This study not only provides new technical means for the construction and monitoring of secondary tunnel linings but also offers theoretical references and practical guidance for solving similar engineering problems.
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