| Summary: | Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are among the most notorious and underrated threats to food security and plant health worldwide, compromising crop yields and causing billions of dollars of losses annually. Chemical control strategies rely heavily on synthetic chemical nematicides to reduce PPN population densities, but their use is being progressively restricted due to environmental and human health concerns, so alternative control methods are urgently needed. Here, we review the potential of bacterial and fungal agents to suppress the most important PPNs, namely <i>Aphelenchoides besseyi</i>, <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i>, <i>Ditylenchus dipsaci</i>, <i>Globodera</i> spp., <i>Heterodera</i> spp., <i>Meloidogyne</i> spp., <i>Nacobbus aberrans</i>, <i>Pratylenchus</i> spp., <i>Radopholus similis</i>, <i>Rotylenchulus reniformis</i>, and <i>Xiphinema index</i>.
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