Phase Formation in NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>–VOSO<sub>4</sub>–NaF–H<sub>2</sub>O System and Rapid Synthesis of Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3-2x</sub>

Renewable electricity products, for example, from wind and photovoltaic energy, need large-scale and economic energy storage systems to guarantee the requirements of our daily lives. Sodium-ion batteries are considered more economical than lithium-ion batteries in this area. Na<sub>3</sub&g...

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Published in:Crystals
Main Author: Zhi Lin
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2023-12-01
Subjects:
hydrothermal synthesis
sodium vanadium fluorophosphate
battery
phase transformation
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/1/43
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author Zhi Lin
author_facet Zhi Lin
author_sort Zhi Lin
collection DOAJ
container_title Crystals
description Renewable electricity products, for example, from wind and photovoltaic energy, need large-scale and economic energy storage systems to guarantee the requirements of our daily lives. Sodium-ion batteries are considered more economical than lithium-ion batteries in this area. Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3</sub>, NaVPO<sub>4</sub>F, and Na<sub>3</sub>(VO)<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F are one type of material that may be used for Na-ion batteries. In order to better understand the synthesis of these materials, the phase formation in a NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>–VOSO<sub>4</sub>–NaF–H<sub>2</sub>O system under hydrothermal conditions was studied and is reported herein. This research focused on the influences of the sodium fluoride content and hydrothermal crystallization time on phase formation and phase purity. The phase transformation between Na(VO)<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub> and Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3-2x</sub> was also studied. Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3-2x</sub> with a high degree of crystallinity can be obtained in as short as 2 h via hydrothermal synthesis using a conventional oven at 170 °C without agitation. All compounds obtained in this research were studied mainly using powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.
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spelling doaj-art-8b795a504fdb4ce99beb334ef7cf97132025-08-19T23:36:36ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522023-12-011414310.3390/cryst14010043Phase Formation in NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>–VOSO<sub>4</sub>–NaF–H<sub>2</sub>O System and Rapid Synthesis of Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3-2x</sub>Zhi Lin0Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalRenewable electricity products, for example, from wind and photovoltaic energy, need large-scale and economic energy storage systems to guarantee the requirements of our daily lives. Sodium-ion batteries are considered more economical than lithium-ion batteries in this area. Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3</sub>, NaVPO<sub>4</sub>F, and Na<sub>3</sub>(VO)<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F are one type of material that may be used for Na-ion batteries. In order to better understand the synthesis of these materials, the phase formation in a NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>–VOSO<sub>4</sub>–NaF–H<sub>2</sub>O system under hydrothermal conditions was studied and is reported herein. This research focused on the influences of the sodium fluoride content and hydrothermal crystallization time on phase formation and phase purity. The phase transformation between Na(VO)<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub> and Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3-2x</sub> was also studied. Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3-2x</sub> with a high degree of crystallinity can be obtained in as short as 2 h via hydrothermal synthesis using a conventional oven at 170 °C without agitation. All compounds obtained in this research were studied mainly using powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/1/43hydrothermal synthesissodium vanadium fluorophosphatebatteryphase transformation
spellingShingle Zhi Lin
Phase Formation in NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>–VOSO<sub>4</sub>–NaF–H<sub>2</sub>O System and Rapid Synthesis of Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3-2x</sub>
hydrothermal synthesis
sodium vanadium fluorophosphate
battery
phase transformation
title Phase Formation in NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>–VOSO<sub>4</sub>–NaF–H<sub>2</sub>O System and Rapid Synthesis of Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3-2x</sub>
title_full Phase Formation in NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>–VOSO<sub>4</sub>–NaF–H<sub>2</sub>O System and Rapid Synthesis of Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3-2x</sub>
title_fullStr Phase Formation in NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>–VOSO<sub>4</sub>–NaF–H<sub>2</sub>O System and Rapid Synthesis of Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3-2x</sub>
title_full_unstemmed Phase Formation in NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>–VOSO<sub>4</sub>–NaF–H<sub>2</sub>O System and Rapid Synthesis of Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3-2x</sub>
title_short Phase Formation in NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>–VOSO<sub>4</sub>–NaF–H<sub>2</sub>O System and Rapid Synthesis of Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3-2x</sub>
title_sort phase formation in nah sub 2 sub po sub 4 sub voso sub 4 sub naf h sub 2 sub o system and rapid synthesis of na sub 3 sub v sub 2 sub o sub 2x sub po sub 4 sub sub 2 sub f sub 3 2x sub
topic hydrothermal synthesis
sodium vanadium fluorophosphate
battery
phase transformation
url https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/1/43
work_keys_str_mv AT zhilin phaseformationinnahsub2subposub4subvososub4subnafhsub2subosystemandrapidsynthesisofnasub3subvsub2subosub2xsubposub4subsub2subfsub32xsub

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