The leader of the capsid protein from Feline calicivirus must be palmitoylated and form oligomers through disulfide bonds for efficient viral replication

• Published in: Journal of Virology
• Main Authors: Yoatzin Peñaflor-Téllez, Jaury Gómez de la Madrid, Erick Ignacio Monge-Celestino, Carolina Pérez-Ibáñez, Randy Seir Llanas Vázquez, Sharon Itzel Sosa Mondragon, Carlos Emilio Miguel-Rodríguez, Ana Lorena Gutiérrez-Escolano
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: American Society for Microbiology 2025-09-01
• Subjects: Feline calicivirus; LC protein; viroporin; palmitoylation; LC secretion; PDIA3
• Online Access: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.01270-25
• ISSN: 0022-538X; 1098-5514

ABSTRACT Feline calicivirus (FCV), a member of the genus Vesivirus and a model for studying members of the family Caliciviridae, has been used to understand the biology and viral replication of etiological agents of medical and veterinary importance. The leader of the capsid (LC) protein is exclusive to members of the genus Vesivirus, and its importance for successful viral replication has been demonstrated; however, its cellular localization, post-translational modifications, and specific functions throughout the viral replication cycle are poorly understood. Using a virus-free system, we determined that the expression of the LC protein from FCV localizes to the mitochondria and induces apoptosis; furthermore, its in vitro characterization showed that it exhibits viroporin-like characteristics. Here, using an LC-reactive serum, we analyzed the kinetics, subcellular localization, post-translational modifications, and association of the LC protein with cellular protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) in FCV-infected cells. We found that the LC protein is present on the membrane of infected cells and in their supernatants, independently of cell lysis, suggesting that it is actively secreted. Moreover, we found that the LC protein is palmitoylated during infection, and that palmitoylation inhibition alters its levels and subcellular localization. Finally, we demonstrate that the LC protein forms oligomers through disulfide bonds mediated by PDI activity. Given that LC protein is mainly localized to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane, its interaction with PDIA3, a disulfide isomerase primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum but also present in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane and recognized as an important factor in the replication of several viruses such as influenza A, dengue, and Zika virus, may be responsible for LC dimerization. All these results indicate that the LC protein from FCV might have multiple roles during FCV replication.IMPORTANCEFeline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly transmissible virus that represents a significant cause of upper respiratory infection in domestic and wild cats worldwide. FCV also serves as one of the most valuable models for studying calicivirus biology, as unlike most members of the family, known to cause diseases in animals and humans, it can be easily grown in cell culture. Since there are no efficacious vaccines or antivirals against most caliciviruses, understanding their molecular biology and the relationship between viral and cellular components is essential for developing strategies for their prevention and control.