| Summary: | Abnormal expression of <i>CYP19A1</i>, a gene related to steroid hormone synthesis, causes steroid hormone disruption and leads to abnormal ovulation in granulosa cells. However, the exact mechanism of <i>CYP19A1</i> regulation is unclear. In this study, we confirmed the localization of <i>CYP19A1</i> in goat ovarian tissues using immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of <i>CYP19A1</i> on granulosa cell proliferation, steroid hormone secretion, and expression of candidate genes for multiparous traits by overexpressing and silencing <i>CYP19A1</i> in goat granulosa cells (GCs). The immunohistochemistry results showed that <i>CYP19A1</i> was expressed in all types of follicular, luteal, and granulosa cells, with subcellular localization results revealing that CYP19A1 protein was mainly localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Overexpression of <i>CYP19A1</i> significantly increased the mRNA levels of <i>CYP19A1</i>, <i>FSHR</i>, and <i>INHBA</i>, which are candidate genes for multiple birth traits in goats. It also promoted cell proliferation, <i>PCNA</i> and <i>Cyclin E</i> mRNA levels in granulosa cells, and secretion of estrogen and progesterone. However, it inhibited the mRNA levels of <i>STAR</i>, <i>CYP11A1</i>, and <i>3βSHD</i>, which are genes related to steroid synthesis. Silencing <i>CYP19A1</i> expression significantly reduced <i>CYP19A1</i>, <i>FSHR</i>, and <i>INHBA</i> mRNA levels in granulosa cells and inhibited granulosa cell proliferation and PCNA and <i>Cyclin E</i> mRNA levels. It also reduced estrogen and progesterone secretion but enhanced the mRNA levels of <i>STAR</i>, <i>CYP11A1</i>, and <i>3βSHD</i>. <i>CYP19A1</i> potentially influenced the lambing traits in goats by affecting granulosa cell proliferation, hormone secretion, and expression of candidate genes associated with traits for multiple births.
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