| Summary: | This study investigates the competitive and cooperative relationships within urban agglomerations, specifically focusing on the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). Using the Lotka–Volterra model from ecology, the research aims to analyse and predict the dynamic relationships among cities in this area. The purpose is to understand how competition and cooperation influence regional integration, and their complex economic connections. This paper employs both qualitative and quantitative methods, including time-series analysis and the application of the Lotka–Volterra model, to evaluate economic interactions and the roles of various cities or regions within the GBA. The study reveals that mutualistic, competitive, predatory, commensal, and parasitic relationships coexist among them, with core cities such as Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macao assuming pivotal roles in shaping the overall dynamics. The findings highlight the importance of functional division, regional cooperation, and innovative collaboration to enhance sustainable development. Policy recommendations are provided to foster a balanced and integrated growth model, emphasizing inter-city cooperation, resource sharing, and avoidance of industrial homogeneity.
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