On the tradition of using hanging metal seals in the offices of the Golden Horde and Post-Horde States

Research objectives: Following M.A. Usmanov stated claim that hanging seals were not at all used in the Horde offices, this became an indisputable fact. However, D. Kolodzeichik proved the existence of golden hanging seals, which were officially called altunbaisa, on Crimean charters of the 17th cen...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Золотоордынское обозрение
Main Author:	Belyakov A.V.
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Marjani Institute of History 2024-03-01
Subjects:	golden horde russian state of the 15th–17th centuries crimean khanate nogai horde golden seal letter of commendation charter
Online Access:	http://goldhorde.ru/en/stati2024-1-5/

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