Cowpox Viruses: A Zoo Full of Viral Diversity and Lurking Threats
Cowpox viruses (CPXVs) exhibit the broadest known host range among the <i>Poxviridae</i> family and have caused lethal outbreaks in various zoo animals and pets across 12 Eurasian countries, as well as an increasing number of human cases. Herein, we review the history of how the cowpox n...
| الحاوية / القاعدة: | Biomolecules |
|---|---|
| المؤلفون الرئيسيون: | , , |
| التنسيق: | مقال |
| اللغة: | الإنجليزية |
| منشور في: |
MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| الموضوعات: | |
| الوصول للمادة أونلاين: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/2/325 |
| _version_ | 1850147037261070336 |
|---|---|
| author | Ryan C. Bruneau Loubna Tazi Stefan Rothenburg |
| author_facet | Ryan C. Bruneau Loubna Tazi Stefan Rothenburg |
| author_sort | Ryan C. Bruneau |
| collection | DOAJ |
| container_title | Biomolecules |
| description | Cowpox viruses (CPXVs) exhibit the broadest known host range among the <i>Poxviridae</i> family and have caused lethal outbreaks in various zoo animals and pets across 12 Eurasian countries, as well as an increasing number of human cases. Herein, we review the history of how the cowpox name has evolved since the 1700s up to modern times. Despite early documentation of the different properties of CPXV isolates, only modern genetic analyses and phylogenies have revealed the existence of multiple <i>Orthopoxvirus</i> species that are currently constrained under the CPXV designation. We further chronicle modern outbreaks in zoos, domesticated animals, and humans, and describe animal models of experimental CPXV infections and how these can help shaping CPXV species distinctions. We also describe the pathogenesis of modern CPXV infections in animals and humans, the geographic range of CPXVs, and discuss CPXV–host interactions at the molecular level and their effects on pathogenicity and host range. Finally, we discuss the potential threat of these viruses and the future of CPXV research to provide a comprehensive review of CPXVs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e200a3027bd6424b85ecedf0fb3bf82b |
| institution | Directory of Open Access Journals |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| spelling | doaj-art-e200a3027bd6424b85ecedf0fb3bf82b2025-08-19T23:46:58ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2023-02-0113232510.3390/biom13020325Cowpox Viruses: A Zoo Full of Viral Diversity and Lurking ThreatsRyan C. Bruneau0Loubna Tazi1Stefan Rothenburg2Department of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USADepartment of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USADepartment of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USACowpox viruses (CPXVs) exhibit the broadest known host range among the <i>Poxviridae</i> family and have caused lethal outbreaks in various zoo animals and pets across 12 Eurasian countries, as well as an increasing number of human cases. Herein, we review the history of how the cowpox name has evolved since the 1700s up to modern times. Despite early documentation of the different properties of CPXV isolates, only modern genetic analyses and phylogenies have revealed the existence of multiple <i>Orthopoxvirus</i> species that are currently constrained under the CPXV designation. We further chronicle modern outbreaks in zoos, domesticated animals, and humans, and describe animal models of experimental CPXV infections and how these can help shaping CPXV species distinctions. We also describe the pathogenesis of modern CPXV infections in animals and humans, the geographic range of CPXVs, and discuss CPXV–host interactions at the molecular level and their effects on pathogenicity and host range. Finally, we discuss the potential threat of these viruses and the future of CPXV research to provide a comprehensive review of CPXVs.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/2/325poxvirusescowpox virusvaccinia viruszoonosis |
| spellingShingle | Ryan C. Bruneau Loubna Tazi Stefan Rothenburg Cowpox Viruses: A Zoo Full of Viral Diversity and Lurking Threats poxviruses cowpox virus vaccinia virus zoonosis |
| title | Cowpox Viruses: A Zoo Full of Viral Diversity and Lurking Threats |
| title_full | Cowpox Viruses: A Zoo Full of Viral Diversity and Lurking Threats |
| title_fullStr | Cowpox Viruses: A Zoo Full of Viral Diversity and Lurking Threats |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cowpox Viruses: A Zoo Full of Viral Diversity and Lurking Threats |
| title_short | Cowpox Viruses: A Zoo Full of Viral Diversity and Lurking Threats |
| title_sort | cowpox viruses a zoo full of viral diversity and lurking threats |
| topic | poxviruses cowpox virus vaccinia virus zoonosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/2/325 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ryancbruneau cowpoxvirusesazoofullofviraldiversityandlurkingthreats AT loubnatazi cowpoxvirusesazoofullofviraldiversityandlurkingthreats AT stefanrothenburg cowpoxvirusesazoofullofviraldiversityandlurkingthreats |