Stress levels, hematological condition, and productivity of plasma-producing horses used for snake antivenom manufacture: A comparison of two industrial bleeding methods

The immunization and industrial bleeding of horses are essential stages for producing snake antivenoms. In Costa Rica, the traditional method involves stimulating the antibody response of horses by periodically injecting venoms, collecting hyperimmune plasma over three consecutive bleeding days, and...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Toxicon: X
Main Authors:	Ana Margarita Arias-Esquivel, Edwin Moscoso, Deibid Umaña, Mauricio Arguedas, Daniela Solano, Gina Durán, Aarón Gómez, José María Gutiérrez, Guillermo León
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier 2024-12-01
Subjects:	Animal welfare Cortisol Ethogram Horse bleeding Snake antivenom
Online Access:	http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171024000298