Behaviour of commercial layer hens in enriched cages and floor systems examined using human and video-based observations

• Published in: South African Journal of Animal Science
• Main Authors: T Chilemba, E van Marle-Köster, A Masenge, M Cromhout, T Nkukwana
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: South African Society for Animal Science 2025-03-01
• Subjects: dust bathing; feather pecking; laying hens; nesting; perching; welfare
• Online Access: https://www.sajas.co.za/article/view/23234
• ISSN: 0375-1589; 2221-4062

There is considerable pressure to eliminate the use of conventional cages in commercial layer hen production systems. However, the assessment of alternative systems that can ensure the hen’s ability to perform natural behaviours, while simultaneously enhancing farm productivity and economic efficiency, remains incomplete. This study assessed layer behaviour in a floor system and in enriched cages on a commercial layer farm using human and video-based observations. The study focused on dust bathing, nesting, feather pecking, and perching behaviours, and on the formation of mud balls on the feet. A large proportion (72.9%) of the hens exhibited dust-bathing behaviour, with an average duration of 22.63 minutes. Feather pecking was exhibited by 35.4% of layers in the enriched cages, compared to 58.3% of layers in the floor system. Overall, feather pecking was the least observed behaviour. Layers in enriched cages used perches more (47%) than layers in the floor system (27%), and a negative association was found between body weight and perching in layers in the floor system. At the end of the six-week trial period, 41.67% of the hens had developed mud balls on their toes that exceeded 3 cm in length. The results of this study provide evidence of the relationships between poultry behaviour, welfare, and production. Video-based observations confirmed that farm managers may not be able to identify certain welfare-related behavioural aspects unless they are closely monitored. The results of this study may be used to inform stakeholders about behaviour and welfare considerations in the management of commercial layers. Submitted 28 August 2024; Accepted 27 January 2025; Published March 2025 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Significance of research to South African science The article contributes meaningfully to the advancement of animal welfare science in South Africa. It represents the first field-based study in the country to comprehensively assess layer hen behaviour under commercial farming conditions using both human and video-based observation techniques. By analysing welfare indicators such as dust bathing, perching, feather pecking, and nesting behaviours, the study offers crucial evidence on how different housing systems affect hen welfare and productivity. These insights are particularly significant as South Africa navigates global pressures to transition away from conventional cages toward more humane and sustainable egg production systems. The findings inform policymakers, producers, and animal welfare advocates, supporting evidence-based decisions for improving poultry housing standards and aligning with both local industry realities and international welfare trends.