A Comparative Analysis of <i>Gremlin-1 (GREM1)</i>, <i>Hyaluronic Acid Synthetase-2 (HAS2)</i>, and <i>Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase-2 (PTGS2)</i> Expression in Cumulus Cells Among Women with Diminished Ovarian Reserve Following Rescue In Vitro Maturation (r-IVM)

• Published in: Life
• Main Authors: Mohd Faizal Ahmad, Marjanu Hikmah Elias, Norazilah Mat Jin, Muhammad Azrai Abu, Saiful Effendi Syafruddin, Ani Amelia Zainuddin, Shah Shamsul Azhar, Nao Suzuki, Abdul Kadir Abdul Karim
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2025-10-01
• Subjects: <i>HAS2</i>; <i>PTGS2</i>; <i>GREM1</i>; oocyte quality; diminished ovarian reserve
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/10/1609

Managing women with diminished ovarian reserve for in vitro fertilization (IVF) is challenging, often resulting in low oocyte yield and cycle failures. We hypothesize that coupling in vitro fertilization (IVF) with rescue in vitro maturation (r-IVM) can improve overall maturation rates without compromising the overall IVF outcome. Our study compared DOR and normal ovarian reserve (NOR) cohorts by evaluating 15 immature oocyte progressions following r-IVM. We analyzed the gene expression of cumulus cells related to <i>GREM1</i>, <i>PTGS2</i>, and <i>HAS2</i> to correlate with OQ, EQ, and overall IVF outcome. Significant differences were noted in AMH levels, AFCs, and oocyte numbers (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Following r-IVM, the DOR cohort achieved a 50% maturation rate with improved overall quality; however, the difference was not statistically significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Fertilization rates were comparable, but EQ was better in DOR. All genes in DOR were upregulated post-r-IVM, whereas NOR showed downregulation of <i>PTGS2</i> and <i>GREM1</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Otherwise, DOR exhibited higher pregnancy rates and live birth rates, although the difference was not statistically significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Overall, our findings suggest that r-IVM could provide improved fertility outcomes for DOR women in standard IVF cycles.