VLTI/GRAVITY Provides Evidence the Young, Substellar Companion HD 136164 Ab Formed Like a “Failed Star”
Young, low-mass brown dwarfs orbiting early-type stars, with low mass ratios ( q ≲ 0.01), appear to be intrinsically rare and present a formation dilemma: could a handful of these objects be the highest-mass outcomes of “planetary” formation channels (bottom up within a protoplanetary disk), or are...
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IOP Publishing
2024-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad1689 |
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| author | William O. Balmer L. Pueyo S. Lacour J. J. Wang T. Stolker J. Kammerer N. Pourré M. Nowak E. Rickman S. Blunt A. Sivaramakrishnan D. Sing K. Wagner G.-D. Marleau A.-M. Lagrange R. Abuter A. Amorim R. Asensio-Torres J.-P. Berger H. Beust A. Boccaletti A. Bohn M. Bonnefoy H. Bonnet M. S. Bordoni G. Bourdarot W. Brandner F. Cantalloube P. Caselli B. Charnay G. Chauvin A. Chavez E. Choquet V. Christiaens Y. Clénet V. Coudé du Foresto A. Cridland R. Davies R. Dembet A. Drescher G. Duvert A. Eckart F. Eisenhauer N. M. Förster Schreiber P. Garcia R. Garcia Lopez E. Gendron R. Genzel S. Gillessen J. H. Girard S. Grant X. Haubois G. Heißel Th. Henning S. Hinkley S. Hippler M. Houllé Z. Hubert L. Jocou M. Keppler P. Kervella L. Kreidberg N. T. Kurtovic V. Lapeyrère J.-B. Le Bouquin P. Léna D. Lutz A.-L. Maire F. Mang A. Mérand P. Mollière C. Mordasini D. Mouillet E. Nasedkin T. Ott G. P. P. L. Otten C. Paladini T. Paumard K. Perraut G. Perrin O. Pfuhl D. C. Ribeiro L. Rodet Z. Rustamkulov J. Shangguan T. Shimizu C. Straubmeier E. Sturm L. J. Tacconi A. Vigan F. Vincent K. Ward-Duong F. Widmann T. Winterhalder J. Woillez S. Yazici the GRAVITY Collaboration |
| author_facet | William O. Balmer L. Pueyo S. Lacour J. J. Wang T. Stolker J. Kammerer N. Pourré M. Nowak E. Rickman S. Blunt A. Sivaramakrishnan D. Sing K. Wagner G.-D. Marleau A.-M. Lagrange R. Abuter A. Amorim R. Asensio-Torres J.-P. Berger H. Beust A. Boccaletti A. Bohn M. Bonnefoy H. Bonnet M. S. Bordoni G. Bourdarot W. Brandner F. Cantalloube P. Caselli B. Charnay G. Chauvin A. Chavez E. Choquet V. Christiaens Y. Clénet V. Coudé du Foresto A. Cridland R. Davies R. Dembet A. Drescher G. Duvert A. Eckart F. Eisenhauer N. M. Förster Schreiber P. Garcia R. Garcia Lopez E. Gendron R. Genzel S. Gillessen J. H. Girard S. Grant X. Haubois G. Heißel Th. Henning S. Hinkley S. Hippler M. Houllé Z. Hubert L. Jocou M. Keppler P. Kervella L. Kreidberg N. T. Kurtovic V. Lapeyrère J.-B. Le Bouquin P. Léna D. Lutz A.-L. Maire F. Mang A. Mérand P. Mollière C. Mordasini D. Mouillet E. Nasedkin T. Ott G. P. P. L. Otten C. Paladini T. Paumard K. Perraut G. Perrin O. Pfuhl D. C. Ribeiro L. Rodet Z. Rustamkulov J. Shangguan T. Shimizu C. Straubmeier E. Sturm L. J. Tacconi A. Vigan F. Vincent K. Ward-Duong F. Widmann T. Winterhalder J. Woillez S. Yazici the GRAVITY Collaboration |
| author_sort | William O. Balmer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| container_title | The Astronomical Journal |
| description | Young, low-mass brown dwarfs orbiting early-type stars, with low mass ratios ( q ≲ 0.01), appear to be intrinsically rare and present a formation dilemma: could a handful of these objects be the highest-mass outcomes of “planetary” formation channels (bottom up within a protoplanetary disk), or are they more representative of the lowest-mass “failed binaries” (formed via disk fragmentation or core fragmentation)? Additionally, their orbits can yield model-independent dynamical masses, and when paired with wide wavelength coverage and accurate system age estimates, can constrain evolutionary models in a regime where the models have a wide dispersion depending on the initial conditions. We present new interferometric observations of the 16 Myr substellar companion HD 136164 Ab (HIP 75056 Ab) made with the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI)/GRAVITY and an updated orbit fit including proper motion measurements from the Hipparcos–Gaia Catalog of Accelerations. We estimate a dynamical mass of 35 ± 10 M _J ( q ∼ 0.02), making HD 136164 Ab the youngest substellar companion with a dynamical mass estimate. The new mass and newly constrained orbital eccentricity ( e = 0.44 ± 0.03) and separation (22.5 ± 1 au) could indicate that the companion formed via the low-mass tail of the initial mass function. Our atmospheric fit to a SPHINX M-dwarf model grid suggests a subsolar C/O ratio of 0.45 and 3 × solar metallicity, which could indicate formation in a circumstellar disk via disk fragmentation. Either way, the revised mass estimate likely excludes bottom-up formation via core accretion in a circumstellar disk. HD 136164 Ab joins a select group of young substellar objects with dynamical mass estimates; epoch astrometry from future Gaia data releases will constrain the dynamical mass of this crucial object further. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e58c7dfdceea45c09db0e77485b4e45c |
| institution | Directory of Open Access Journals |
| issn | 1538-3881 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| spelling | doaj-art-e58c7dfdceea45c09db0e77485b4e45c2025-08-19T22:53:13ZengIOP PublishingThe Astronomical Journal1538-38812024-01-0116726410.3847/1538-3881/ad1689VLTI/GRAVITY Provides Evidence the Young, Substellar Companion HD 136164 Ab Formed Like a “Failed Star”William O. Balmer0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6396-8439L. Pueyo1S. Lacour2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6948-0263J. J. Wang3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-6502T. Stolker4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5823-3072J. Kammerer5N. Pourré6M. Nowak7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4203-9715E. Rickman8https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4203-9715S. Blunt9A. Sivaramakrishnan10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1251-4124D. Sing11https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6050-7645K. Wagner12G.-D. Marleau13A.-M. Lagrange14R. Abuter15A. Amorim16R. Asensio-Torres17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2990-0726J.-P. Berger18H. Beust19A. Boccaletti20A. Bohn21https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1401-9952M. Bonnefoy22https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5579-5339H. Bonnet23M. S. Bordoni24G. Bourdarot25W. Brandner26https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1939-6351F. Cantalloube27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3968-3780P. Caselli28https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-7911B. Charnay29https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0977-6545G. Chauvin30A. Chavez31E. Choquet32V. Christiaens33https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0101-8814Y. Clénet34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8382-2020V. Coudé du Foresto35https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-3381A. Cridland36R. Davies37https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4949-7217R. Dembet38A. Drescher39G. Duvert40A. Eckart41https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6049-3132F. Eisenhauer42N. M. Förster Schreiber43P. Garcia44R. Garcia Lopez45E. Gendron46R. Genzel47https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2767-9653S. Gillessen48https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5708-0481J. H. Girard49https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8627-0404S. Grant50https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4022-4899X. Haubois51G. Heißel52Th. Henning53https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1493-300XS. Hinkley54S. Hippler55https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3912-6108M. Houllé56Z. Hubert57L. Jocou58M. Keppler59P. Kervella60https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0626-1749L. Kreidberg61https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0514-1147N. T. Kurtovic62V. Lapeyrère63J.-B. Le Bouquin64P. Léna65D. Lutz66https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0291-9582A.-L. Maire67F. Mang68A. Mérand69https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2125-0183P. Mollière70https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4096-7067C. Mordasini71https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1013-2811D. Mouillet72E. Nasedkin73T. Ott74https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1572-0396G. P. P. L. Otten75C. Paladini76T. Paumard77https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-0452K. Perraut78G. Perrin79https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0680-0167O. Pfuhl80D. C. Ribeiro81L. Rodet82https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1259-3312Z. Rustamkulov83https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4408-0463J. Shangguan84https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4569-9009T. Shimizu85https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-4670C. Straubmeier86https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0671-9302E. Sturm87https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0018-3666L. J. Tacconi88https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1485-9401A. Vigan89https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-7828F. Vincent90https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3855-0708K. Ward-Duong91https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4479-8291F. Widmann92T. Winterhalder93J. Woillez94https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2958-4738S. Yazici95the GRAVITY CollaborationDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; wbalmer1@jhu.edu; Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USASpace Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USALESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France; European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, D-85748 Garching, GermanyCenter for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USALeiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsSpace Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, FranceInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UKEuropean Space Agency (ESA), ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USACenter for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USADepartment of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; wbalmer1@jhu.edu; Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; wbalmer1@jhu.edu; Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, USADepartment of Astronomy and Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85712, USAFakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstraße 1, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany; Institüt für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Space and Habitability, Universität Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France; Université Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, FranceEuropean Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, D-85748 Garching, GermanyUniversidade de Lisboa—Faculdade de Ciências , Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; CENTRA—Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa , 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalMax Planck Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, FranceUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, FranceLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceLeiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, FranceEuropean Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, D-85748 Garching, GermanyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyAix Marseille University , CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, FranceMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, FranceCenter for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USAAix Marseille University , CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, FranceSTAR Institute/Université de Liège , BelgiumLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceLeiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, FranceInstitute of Physics, University of Cologne , Zülpicher Straße 77, D-50937 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyCENTRA—Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Universidade do Porto , Faculdade de Engenharia, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, PortugalMax Planck Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; School of Physics, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, IrelandLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanySpace Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyEuropean Southern Observatory , Casilla 19001, Santiago 19, ChileLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France; Advanced Concepts Team, European Space Agency , TEC-SF, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, NL-2201, AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsMax Planck Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyUniversity of Exeter , Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UKMax Planck Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyUniversité Côte d’Azur , Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, FranceUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, FranceUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, FranceMax Planck Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceMax Planck Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, FranceLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, FranceMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyEuropean Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, D-85748 Garching, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyCenter for Space and Habitability, Universität Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, SwitzerlandUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, FranceMax Planck Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyAcademia Sinica, Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 11F Astronomy-Mathematics Building, NTU/AS campus, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, TaiwanEuropean Southern Observatory , Casilla 19001, Santiago 19, ChileLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, FranceLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceEuropean Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, D-85748 Garching, GermanyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyCenter for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USADepartment of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, USAMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyInstitute of Physics, University of Cologne , Zülpicher Straße 77, D-50937 Cologne, GermanyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyAix Marseille University , CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, FranceLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , Université de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceDepartment of Astronomy, Smith College , Northampton, MA 01063, USAMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyEuropean Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, D-85748 Garching, GermanyEuropean Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, D-85748 Garching, GermanyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyYoung, low-mass brown dwarfs orbiting early-type stars, with low mass ratios ( q ≲ 0.01), appear to be intrinsically rare and present a formation dilemma: could a handful of these objects be the highest-mass outcomes of “planetary” formation channels (bottom up within a protoplanetary disk), or are they more representative of the lowest-mass “failed binaries” (formed via disk fragmentation or core fragmentation)? Additionally, their orbits can yield model-independent dynamical masses, and when paired with wide wavelength coverage and accurate system age estimates, can constrain evolutionary models in a regime where the models have a wide dispersion depending on the initial conditions. We present new interferometric observations of the 16 Myr substellar companion HD 136164 Ab (HIP 75056 Ab) made with the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI)/GRAVITY and an updated orbit fit including proper motion measurements from the Hipparcos–Gaia Catalog of Accelerations. We estimate a dynamical mass of 35 ± 10 M _J ( q ∼ 0.02), making HD 136164 Ab the youngest substellar companion with a dynamical mass estimate. The new mass and newly constrained orbital eccentricity ( e = 0.44 ± 0.03) and separation (22.5 ± 1 au) could indicate that the companion formed via the low-mass tail of the initial mass function. Our atmospheric fit to a SPHINX M-dwarf model grid suggests a subsolar C/O ratio of 0.45 and 3 × solar metallicity, which could indicate formation in a circumstellar disk via disk fragmentation. Either way, the revised mass estimate likely excludes bottom-up formation via core accretion in a circumstellar disk. HD 136164 Ab joins a select group of young substellar objects with dynamical mass estimates; epoch astrometry from future Gaia data releases will constrain the dynamical mass of this crucial object further.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad1689Brown dwarfsSubstellar companion starsOrbit determinationOrbits |
| spellingShingle | William O. Balmer L. Pueyo S. Lacour J. J. Wang T. Stolker J. Kammerer N. Pourré M. Nowak E. Rickman S. Blunt A. Sivaramakrishnan D. Sing K. Wagner G.-D. Marleau A.-M. Lagrange R. Abuter A. Amorim R. Asensio-Torres J.-P. Berger H. Beust A. Boccaletti A. Bohn M. Bonnefoy H. Bonnet M. S. Bordoni G. Bourdarot W. Brandner F. Cantalloube P. Caselli B. Charnay G. Chauvin A. Chavez E. Choquet V. Christiaens Y. Clénet V. Coudé du Foresto A. Cridland R. Davies R. Dembet A. Drescher G. Duvert A. Eckart F. Eisenhauer N. M. Förster Schreiber P. Garcia R. Garcia Lopez E. Gendron R. Genzel S. Gillessen J. H. Girard S. Grant X. Haubois G. Heißel Th. Henning S. Hinkley S. Hippler M. Houllé Z. Hubert L. Jocou M. Keppler P. Kervella L. Kreidberg N. T. Kurtovic V. Lapeyrère J.-B. Le Bouquin P. Léna D. Lutz A.-L. Maire F. Mang A. Mérand P. Mollière C. Mordasini D. Mouillet E. Nasedkin T. Ott G. P. P. L. Otten C. Paladini T. Paumard K. Perraut G. Perrin O. Pfuhl D. C. Ribeiro L. Rodet Z. Rustamkulov J. Shangguan T. Shimizu C. Straubmeier E. Sturm L. J. Tacconi A. Vigan F. Vincent K. Ward-Duong F. Widmann T. Winterhalder J. Woillez S. Yazici the GRAVITY Collaboration VLTI/GRAVITY Provides Evidence the Young, Substellar Companion HD 136164 Ab Formed Like a “Failed Star” Brown dwarfs Substellar companion stars Orbit determination Orbits |
| title | VLTI/GRAVITY Provides Evidence the Young, Substellar Companion HD 136164 Ab Formed Like a “Failed Star” |
| title_full | VLTI/GRAVITY Provides Evidence the Young, Substellar Companion HD 136164 Ab Formed Like a “Failed Star” |
| title_fullStr | VLTI/GRAVITY Provides Evidence the Young, Substellar Companion HD 136164 Ab Formed Like a “Failed Star” |
| title_full_unstemmed | VLTI/GRAVITY Provides Evidence the Young, Substellar Companion HD 136164 Ab Formed Like a “Failed Star” |
| title_short | VLTI/GRAVITY Provides Evidence the Young, Substellar Companion HD 136164 Ab Formed Like a “Failed Star” |
| title_sort | vlti gravity provides evidence the young substellar companion hd 136164 ab formed like a failed star |
| topic | Brown dwarfs Substellar companion stars Orbit determination Orbits |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad1689 |
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