| Summary: | Magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) is a passive technique for detecting ferromagnetic targets, but weak magnetic anomaly signals are often submerged in background noise. Existing stochastic resonance (SR)-based MAD methods mainly focus on target detection and generally provide limited capability for waveform and amplitude reconstruction. To address this problem, this paper proposes a weak magnetic anomaly signal enhancement method based on an adaptive variable-structure stochastic resonance (AVSSR) system. A potential function capable of switching among monostable, bistable, and multistable structures is designed to improve the adaptability of SR processing under different noise conditions. The noisy vector magnetic signals are processed by the AVSSR system, and the normalized sliding-window standard deviation is combined with a scaling factor to reconstruct the magnetic anomaly signal’s waveform and amplitude. The system parameters are optimized using the differential evolution algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively reconstruct magnetic anomaly signals under Gaussian white noise and colored <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><msup><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> noise, even at an input SNR of −15 dB. Comparisons with the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) method and an adaptive multistable SR method demonstrate better waveform preservation and more stable amplitude reconstruction. Experimental results using measured <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> signals further verify its practical applicability.
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