| 总结: | Blockchain technology has introduced new paradigms for identity management systems (IDMSs), enabling users to regain control over their identity data and reduce reliance on centralized authorities. In recent years, numerous blockchain-based IDMS solutions have emerged across both practical application domains and academic research. However, prior reviews often focus on single application areas, provide limited cross-domain comparison, and insufficiently address security challenges such as interoperability, revocation, and quantum resilience. This paper bridges these gaps by presenting the first comprehensive survey that examines IDMSs from three complementary perspectives: (i) historical evolution from centralized and federated models to blockchain-based decentralized architectures; (ii) a cross-domain taxonomy of blockchain-based IDMSs, encompassing both general-purpose designs and domain-specific implementations; and (iii) a security analysis of threats across the full identity lifecycle. Drawing on a systematic review of 47 studies published between 2019 and 2025 and conducted in accordance with the PRISMA methodology, the paper synthesizes academic research and real-world deployments to identify unresolved technical, economic, and social challenges, and to outline directions for future research. The findings aim to serve as a timely reference for both researchers and practitioners working toward secure, interoperable, and sustainable blockchain-based IDMSs.
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