T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review
One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Uni...
| الحاوية / القاعدة: | Toxins |
|---|---|
| المؤلفون الرئيسيون: | , , , |
| التنسيق: | مقال |
| اللغة: | الإنجليزية |
| منشور في: |
MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| الموضوعات: | |
| الوصول للمادة أونلاين: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/8/481 |
| _version_ | 1851874835341246464 |
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| author | Julie Meneely Brett Greer Oluwatobi Kolawole Christopher Elliott |
| author_facet | Julie Meneely Brett Greer Oluwatobi Kolawole Christopher Elliott |
| author_sort | Julie Meneely |
| collection | DOAJ |
| container_title | Toxins |
| description | One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of <i>F. sporotrichioides</i> and <i>F. langsethiae</i> as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of <i>Fusarium</i> growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e902dc8d9b5945efb32f554584f4d821 |
| institution | Directory of Open Access Journals |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| spelling | doaj-art-e902dc8d9b5945efb32f554584f4d8212025-08-19T22:15:26ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512023-07-0115848110.3390/toxins15080481T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A ReviewJulie Meneely0Brett Greer1Oluwatobi Kolawole2Christopher Elliott3Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UKInstitute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UKInstitute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UKInstitute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UKOne of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of <i>F. sporotrichioides</i> and <i>F. langsethiae</i> as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of <i>Fusarium</i> growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/8/481mycotoxinsT-2 toxinHT-2 toxinanalysisscreeningconfirmatory |
| spellingShingle | Julie Meneely Brett Greer Oluwatobi Kolawole Christopher Elliott T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review mycotoxins T-2 toxin HT-2 toxin analysis screening confirmatory |
| title | T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review |
| title_full | T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review |
| title_fullStr | T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review |
| title_short | T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review |
| title_sort | t 2 and ht 2 toxins toxicity occurrence and analysis a review |
| topic | mycotoxins T-2 toxin HT-2 toxin analysis screening confirmatory |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/8/481 |
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