IoT Devices and Their Impact on Learning: A Systematic Review of Technological and Educational Affordances

• Published in: IoT
• Main Authors: Dimitris Tsipianitis, Anastasia Misirli, Konstantinos Lavidas, Vassilis Komis
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2025-08-01
• Subjects: Internet of Things; smart objects; secondary education; technological affordances; educational affordances
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2624-831X/6/3/45

A principal factor of the fourth Industrial Revolution is the Internet of Things (IoT), a network of “smart” objects that communicate by exchanging helpful information about themselves and their environment. Our research aims to address the gaps in the existing literature regarding the educational and technological affordances of IoT applications in learning environments in secondary education. Our systematic review using the PRISMA method allowed us to extract 25 empirical studies from the last 10 years. We present the categorization of educational and technological affordances, as well as the devices used in these environments. Moreover, our findings indicate widespread adoption of organized educational activities and design-based learning, often incorporating tangible interfaces, smart objects, and IoT applications, which enhance student engagement and interaction. Additionally, we identify the impact of IoT-based learning on knowledge building, autonomous learning, student attitude, and motivation. The results suggest that the IoT can facilitate personalized and experiential learning, fostering a more immersive and adaptive educational experience. Based on these findings, we discuss key recommendations for educators, policymakers, and researchers, while also addressing this study’s limitations and potential directions for future research.