Seam Carving based visible watermarking robust to removal attacks

• الحاوية / القاعدة: Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences
• المؤلفون الرئيسيون: Eduardo Fragoso-Navarro, Kevin Rangel-Espinoza, Mariko Nakano-Miyatake, Manuel Cedillo-Hernandez, Hector Perez-Meana
• التنسيق: مقال
• اللغة: الإنجليزية
• منشور في: Springer 2022-07-01
• الموضوعات: Visible watermarking; Removal attacks; Inpainting; Independent Component Analysis; Seam Carving; Watermark visibility
• الوصول للمادة أونلاين: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157821000744

Visible watermarking offers direct copyright protection to the naked eye using visible pattern superimposed in the host image. However, due to their exposure, the watermark pattern becomes an easy target to remove by malicious entities that generates copyright-free images. Until now, in the scientific literature several semi-automatic visible watermark removal attacks have been proposed, showing enough visual quality of the recovered host image. In this paper, we propose a watermark design based on modified Seam Carving technique to provide robustness against removal attacks including inpainting-based attacks, Independent Component Analysis (ICA)-based attacks, and image matting-based attacks. Robustness against the attacks is measured using common image quality assessments and a watermark visibility assessment based on the Human Visual System (HVS). Experimental results show robustness of the proposed method against above mentioned watermark removal attacks under the most severe situation, in which adversary has the logotype used as a watermark pattern because it is public in Internet. The proposed method can be applied to any visible watermarking algorithms to make them robust against illegal removal attempts, without sacrificing their original functionality, such as reversibility for authorized users.