| Summary: | District heating (DH) systems can improve energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and be a cost-effective residential space heating alternative over conventional decentralized heating. This study uses radiative forcing (RF), a time-sensitive life cycle assessment metric, to evaluate space heating alternatives. We compare forest residue and willow biomass resources and natural gas as fuel sources against decentralized heating using heating oil. The comparison is performed for selected locations in the Northeastern United States over a 30-year production timeline and 100 observation years. The natural gas and willow scenarios are compared with scenarios where available forest residue is unused and adds a penalty of GHG emissions due to microbial decay. When forest residues are available, their use is recommended before considering willow production. Investment in bioenergy-based DH with carbon capture and storage and natural-gas-based DH with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is considered to assess their influence on RF. Its implementation further improves the net carbon mitigation potential of DH despite the carbon and energy cost of CCS infrastructure. Soil carbon sequestration from willow production reduces RF overall, specifically when grown on land converted from cropland to pasture, hay, and grassland. The study places initial GHG emissions spikes from infrastructure and land-use change into a temporal framework and shows a payback within the first 5 years of operation for DH with forest residues and willow. © 2021 The Authors. GCB Bioenergy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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