Conventional methods Mean square error 6 Deep learning 3 Internet of things 3 Optimization 3 Palm oil 3 Semiconductor materials 3 Sustainable development 3 Bioluminescence 2 CMOS integrated circuits 2 Controllers 2 Convolutional neural networks 2 Data handling 2 Disease control 2 Elaeis 2 Firefly algorithms 2 Forecasting 2 Heuristic methods 2 Humans 2 Image segmentation 2 Learning algorithms 2 Low-power consumption 2 Malaysia 2 Regression analysis 2 Root mean square errors 2 Scanning 2 Scanning electron microscopy 2 West Malaysia 2 accuracy assessment 2 data set 2