Stiffness Acceleration measurement 1 Asphalt 1 Asphalt mixtures 1 Asphalt pavements 1 Damage detection 1 Damage localization 1 Damaged area 1 Detection framework 1 Dynamic response 1 Dynamics 1 FE model 1 FE model updating 1 Finite element method 1 Hamburg wheel tracking test 1 Hot-mix asphalt mixtures 1 Meta-heuristics algorithms 1 Model-based OPC 1 Particle swarm optimization (PSO) 1 Particle swarm optimization algorithm 1 Reclaimed asphalt pavements 1 Recycling 1 Resilient modulus tests 1 Rutting performance 1 Specification requirement 1 Stiffness properties 1 Structural design 1 Structural health monitoring 1 Vibration-based damage detection 1 Vibration‐based 1