Occupational Exposure of Workers in Hook-ah Lounges and Tobacco Cafés to Metal El-ements in Tobacco Smoke

Background: Hookah and cigarette smoke contain various pollutants, including toxic heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, and cadmium, which can pose a threat to the health of exposed individuals. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to assess occupational exposure by quantifying levels of metal bio...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Iranian South Medical Journal
Main Authors:	Dariush Ranjbar Vakilabadi, Mohmmad Reza Masjedi, Niloufar Borhani Yazdi, Hossein Arfaeinia
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Bushehr University of Medical Sciences 2025-10-01
Subjects:	hookah and cigarette cafés tobacco smoke heavy metals occupational exposure biomonitoring
Online Access:	http://ismj.bpums.ac.ir/article-1-2227-en.pdf