Water temperature and biological sex influence cold pressor pain in healthy adults: a randomized within-subjects trial

The Cold Pressor Test (CPT) is an established method for evaluating pain perception and stress responses; evidence indicates that females perceive the CPT as more painful than males. However, methodological variations—particularly in water temperature—complicate cross-study comparisons and hinder ro...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Frontiers in Physiology
Main Authors:	Andreas Goreis, Selina Fanninger, Annika Lozar, Anna Mayer, Nina Pfatrisch, Martin Voracek, Paul L. Plener, Oswald D. Kothgassner
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Subjects:	cold pressor test (CPT) water temperature pain physiological stress response within-subjects randomized trial sex differences
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2025.1628111/full