Decoding the immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma: new insights into checkpoints, vaccines, and CAR-T cells

Osteosarcoma (OS), the most prevalent primary malignant bone tumor, disproportionately affects adolescents and is marked by rapid progression and a high rate of pulmonary metastasis. Despite advances in multimodal treatment, outcomes remain dismal for metastatic or relapsed disease, largely due to c...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Frontiers in Oncology
Main Authors:	Haitian Wang, Tongtong Zhu, Kunpeng Yang, Chenkai Xu, Zhaoyi Zhang, Guangyao Liu, Hongge Ren
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-10-01
Subjects:	osteosarcoma tumor microenvironment immunosuppression immune checkpoint inhibitors immunotherapy combinatorial approaches
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1702219/full