Sustainable valorization of fish head wastes into nitrogen-based nutrients: a comparative life cycle assessment

Abstract The production of nitrogen-based nutrients is a major contributor to climate change, with industrial ammonia synthesis releasing over 500 million tonnes of CO₂-equivalents annually—more than 1.2% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This is largely due to the fossil fuel–...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Journal of Biological Engineering
Main Authors:	Somyong Lee, Soeon Ahn, Jin Ho Zong, Chulhong Oh, Sangwon Suh, Dong Soo Hwang
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	BMC 2025-10-01
Subjects:	Peptone Life cycle assessment (LCA) Marine biomass Sustainable nitrogen sources Circular bioeconomy
Online Access:	https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-025-00560-6