The symptomatology and diagnosis of domoic acid toxicosis in stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): a review and evaluation of 20 years of cases to guide prognosis

IntroductionDomoic acid (DA) is a glutaminergic excitatory neurotoxin that causes the morbidity and mortality of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus; CSL) and other marine mammals due to a suite of effects mostly on the nervous and cardiac systems. Between 1998 and 2019, 11,737 live-strande...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Frontiers in Veterinary Science
Main Authors:	Abby M. McClain, Cara L. Field, Tenaya A. Norris, Benny Borremans, Pàdraig J. Duignan, Shawn P. Johnson, Sophie T. Whoriskey, Lorraine Thompson-Barbosa, Frances M. D. Gulland
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-10-01
Subjects:	domoic acid sea lion Zalophus californianus toxicosis prognosis symptom
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1245864/full